Abstract
QRFP was first identified in the brain of the European green frog. Subsequently, the cDNAs encoding the QRFP precursors were characterized in various animals, including amphioxus, goldfish, quail, chicken, zebra finch, mouse, rat, bovines, and human. QRFP was found to be a high-affinity endogenous ligand of the previously identified orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR103 (QRFPR) in mammals. In mammals, QRFP exerts diverse biological actions, including regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, pituitary hormone secretion, locomotor activity, nociception, and bone formation. QRFP also exerts an orexigenic action in birds, as it does in rodents, and a similar effect of QRFP is suggested in fish because of the upregulation of QRFP mRNA by a negative energy state. Thus, the structure, distribution pattern, and biological actions of the QRFP-QRFPR system are conserved in cephalochordates and vertebrates (from fish to mammals).
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