Abstract
Seaweeds: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacological Interests
Highlights
The global economic impact of the five leading chronic diseases - cancer, diabetes, mental illness, CVD, and respiratory disease - could reach $47 trillion over the 20 years, according to a study by the World Economic Forum (WEF)
Brown algae like Fucus vesiculosus, Turbinaria conoides, Laminaria japonica (Figure 8) are reported in inhibition of tumor migration and invasion, apoptosis induction and inhibition lung cancer cell progression respectively [159]
Undaria pinnatifida acted on ERK1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) and p38, PI3K/Akt signaling, F. evanescens increased metastatic activity of cyclophosphamide and showed cytolytic activity of natural killer cells in 2 different studies and F. vesiculosus decreased NF-κB in LLC [161]
Summary
In the USA, the sales of prescription GI therapeutic drugs were $25 billion, the 10th leading therapeutic class in terms of sales [324], spend $135.9 billion for GI diseases in 2015 [325].Urbanization, western diet, hygiene, and childhood immunological factors are associated with IBD in Asia [326]. 14% of the global population is affected by IBS and 30% by con-. The [13C]-Spirulina platensis GEBT is an easy to measure of gastric emptying with accuracy [331-333]. Seaweed polysaccharides are atypical in structure to terrestrial glycans, and were found to resist gastric acidity, host digestive enzymes, and GI absorption [347]. Maternal seaweed extract supplementation can reduce both sow fecal Enterobacteriaceae populations at parturition and piglet E. coli populations at weaning [348]. Seaweeds are good source of prebiotics that improve intestinal microbiota and may exert positive effects on IBD and IBS [349, 350]
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