Roosting behaviour of House Sparrows, Passer domesticus at Kerala Veterinary & Animal Sciences University campus in Wayanad, Kerala, India

A study was undertaken with the aim to identify the career preferences of undergraduate final-year veterinary students of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University. The data were collected by convenient sampling method using a semistructured pre-tested interview schedule from 30 boys and 30 girl students pursuing final year B.V.Sc. and A.H constituted the total sample size of 60. A set of 20 careers options were listed relevant to veterinary students and rated on a 4-point Likert scale (4-Highly preferred, 3-Preferred, 2-Least preferred, 1-Not preferred). The total weighed score (TWS) and weighed mean score (WMS) were calculated for each career choice and based on WMS ranks were assigned by using a simple rank order technique. The job of Government Veterinary Surgeon was identified as the most preferred choice by both the categories of students. Becoming research scientists were the second most preferred career choice by male respondents followed by military service, private practice and administrative service. The female respondents preferred career as doctors in milk plants, food system management, private practices and meat inspection officers in that order. Extension service and political career were the least preferred choice by both genders. There was a significant difference in preference among male and female respondents in administrative service (p<0.05) and military service (p<0.01).

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 51, Issue 9 p. 3915-3923 SHORT COMMUNICATION Biochemical and histomorphological associated in vivo responses of turmeric supplemented diets in Rohu, Labeo rohita (Linn.) Amandeep Kaur, Corresponding Author kaur.amandeep.ar@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-9821-9622 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India Correspondence Amandeep Kaur, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: kaur.amandeep.ar@gmail.com Admane Holeyappa Shanthanagouda, Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: shanthanagouda@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorAdmane Holeyappa Shanthanagouda, Corresponding Author shanthanagouda@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-1129 Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India Correspondence Amandeep Kaur, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: kaur.amandeep.ar@gmail.com Admane Holeyappa Shanthanagouda, Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: shanthanagouda@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorVaneet Inder Kaur, orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-7905 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorNeelam Bansal, orcid.org/0000-0002-8692-2887 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorNaveen Kumar Billekallu Thammegowda, orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-4955 Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Amandeep Kaur, Corresponding Author kaur.amandeep.ar@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-9821-9622 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India Correspondence Amandeep Kaur, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: kaur.amandeep.ar@gmail.com Admane Holeyappa Shanthanagouda, Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: shanthanagouda@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorAdmane Holeyappa Shanthanagouda, Corresponding Author shanthanagouda@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-1129 Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India Correspondence Amandeep Kaur, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: kaur.amandeep.ar@gmail.com Admane Holeyappa Shanthanagouda, Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Email: shanthanagouda@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorVaneet Inder Kaur, orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-7905 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorNeelam Bansal, orcid.org/0000-0002-8692-2887 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorNaveen Kumar Billekallu Thammegowda, orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-4955 Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14740Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume51, Issue9September 2020Pages 3915-3923 RelatedInformation

Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement Al for Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University's lab and production enhancement .

Veterinary RecordVolume 141, Issue 22 p. 573-574 Short Communication Isolation of pestes des petits ruminants virus from an outbreak in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) R. Govindarajan, R. Govindarajan Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, 600 007 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA. Koteeswaran, A. Koteeswaran Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, 600 007 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA. T. Venugopalan, A. T. Venugopalan Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, 600 007 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorG. Shyam, G. Shyam Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Sha⊙una, S. Sha⊙una Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. Shaila, M. S. Shaila Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Ramachandran, S. Ramachandran Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh, EH25 9RRSearch for more papers by this author R. Govindarajan, R. Govindarajan Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, 600 007 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA. Koteeswaran, A. Koteeswaran Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, 600 007 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA. T. Venugopalan, A. T. Venugopalan Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, 600 007 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorG. Shyam, G. Shyam Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Sha⊙una, S. Sha⊙una Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. Shaila, M. S. Shaila Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012 IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorS. Ramachandran, S. Ramachandran Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh, EH25 9RRSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 November 1997 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.141.22.573Citations: 6 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume141, Issue22November 1997Pages 573-574 RelatedInformation

Veterinary RecordVolume 141, Issue 11 p. 271-273 Short Communication Hydropericardium-hepatopathy syndrome in Asian poultry R. K. Asrani, R. K. Asrani Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,...

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Aim: The present study investigated the clinical, haematological and biochemical profiles in cattle infected with Theileria orientalis, correlating disease severity with various parameters. Study Design: A total of 32 clinically ill, 10 subclinically infected, and 10 healthy control animals were included. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, between November 2023 to September 2024. Methodology: Theileria piroplasms, observed via Giemsa staining, appeared as thick and thin rods with trailing cytoplasm and annular, pyriform, garland, and signet-ring shapes. PCR amplification of the T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) yielded a specific 776 bp product in clinically and subclinically infected animals. Results: Haematological analysis revealed significant anaemia and thrombocytopenia in infected groups, without notable changes in leukocyte counts. Serum protein analysis indicated hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia, while liver enzymes, particularly AST, were elevated in clinically infected cattle, suggesting hepatic involvement. Additionally, serum vitamin A and zinc concentrations were significantly lower in infected cattle, underscoring a possible role for oxidative stress in disease pathogenesis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that T. orientalis infection is associated with multi-systemic impacts, including haematological abnormalities, liver damage, and nutrient deficiencies, which are crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management strategies.

Aims: To evaluate the hematological and biochemical safety profile of lokivetmab in client-owned dogs diagnosed with moderate to severe canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) over a 90-day treatment period. Study Design: Prospective, longitudinal clinical safety study. Place and Duration of Study: Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU), India, between July 2024 and February 2025. Methodology: Eight client-owned dogs with moderate to severe CAD were selected for the therapeutic study. All the eight animals were administered with lokivetmab injections (subcutaneously) (2 mg/kg) on Days 0, 30 and 60. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters were assessed on Day 0 and Day 90 of therapy and compared with healthy control dogs. Hematological parameters included packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, total and differential leukocyte counts. Biochemical assessments included blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin and globulin. Statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests. Results: Hemoglobin levels remained stable. PCV increased significantly from 33.88 ± 2.02 per cent to 42.49 ± 1.04 per cent (p = 0.05) and RBC counts improved from 5.09 ± 0.32 to 6.32 ± 0.26 million/μL (p = 0.09). WBC p=.04 (Day 90), granulocyte p=.04 (Day 0) and P= .02 (Day 90) and lymphocyte counts p=.01 (Day 0) and p=.04 (Day 90) showed significant improvement. Renal parameters remained stable. ALP p=.00 (Day 0) and p=.03 (Day 0) was significantly higher in CAD dogs at baseline (72.25 ± 17.95 IU/L) compared to controls (21.75 ± 4.80 IU/L; p = 0.02) but declined by Day 90. ALT p=.03 (Day 90) also decreased post-treatment. Total Protein, albumin and globulin increased modestly without statistical significance. No adverse events or side effects were reported during the study, supporting the safety profile of the intervention Conclusion: The hematological and biochemical safety of 90-day lokivetmab therapy is documented in Indian dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Comparison of demographic characteristics, animal science subject knowledge, academic performance and critical thinking skills in students majoring in animal science and equine science

PurposeThis paper aims to prompt ideas amongst readers (especially librarians) about how they can become active partners in knowledge dissemination amongst concerned user groups by implementing 3D printing technology under the “Makerspace.”Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a brief account of various tools and techniques used by veterinary and animal sciences institutions for information dissemination amongst the stakeholders and associated challenges with a focus on the use of 3D printing technology to overcome the bottlenecks. An overview of the 3D printing technology has been provided following the instances of use of this novel technology in veterinary and animal sciences. An initiative of the University Library, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, to harness the potential of this technology in disseminating information amongst livestock stakeholders has been discussed.Findings3D printing has the potential to enhance learning in veterinary and animal sciences by providing hands-on exposure to various anatomical structures, such as bones, organs and blood vessels, without the need for a cadaver. This approach enhances students’ spatial understanding and helps them better understand anatomical concepts. Libraries can enhance their visibility and can contribute actively to knowledge dissemination beyond traditional library services.Originality/valueThe ideas about how to harness the potential of 3D printing in knowledge dissemination amongst livestock sector stakeholders have been elaborated. This promotes creativity amongst librarians enabling them to think how they can engage in knowledge dissemination thinking out of the box.

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsVolume 29, Issue 4 p. 321-324 Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in sheep following intravenous and subcutaneous administration A. RAHAL, A. RAHAL Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, India;Search for more papers by this authorA. KUMAR, A. KUMAR Department of Animal Husbandry, State Veterinary Services, UP State Government, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA. H. AHMAD, A. H. AHMAD Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, India;Search for more papers by this authorJ. K. MALIK, J. K. MALIK Division of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorV. AHUJA, V. AHUJA Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, India;Search for more papers by this author A. RAHAL, A. RAHAL Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, India;Search for more papers by this authorA. KUMAR, A. KUMAR Department of Animal Husbandry, State Veterinary Services, UP State Government, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorA. H. AHMAD, A. H. AHMAD Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, India;Search for more papers by this authorJ. K. MALIK, J. K. MALIK Division of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorV. AHUJA, V. AHUJA Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, India;Search for more papers by this author First published: 03 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00751.xCitations: 13 Dr Anu Rahal, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A & T., Pantnagar-263145, India. E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume29, Issue4August 2006Pages 321-324 RelatedInformation

Antibiotic resistance is a cause of concern worldwide. Community settings are important reservoir of drug resistant microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was to determine the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus isolated from different community settings of university campus. A total of 300 swab samples were collected for isolation of S. aureus from different community settings at university campus of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University and Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, India. Confirmed S. aureus isolates were further subjected to antibiotic sensitivity by Epsilometer test (E-test) and detection of antibiotic resistance genes. The prevalence of S. aureus in the community samples was 12% (36/300). Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) contamination among community was 3.33% (10/300). Among S. aureus isolates from community samples 63.8% (23/36) and all the MRSA isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Five out of 10 MRSA carried SCCmec type IVa, and 4 were pvl positive gene, therefore, designated as community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Phenotypic resistance to antibiotics ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 69.4% (MIC ≥32 μg/ml), 63.9% (MIC 32 μg/ ml), 16.7% (MIC 16–64 μg/ml), 16.7% (MIC 256 μg/ml) and 8.3% (MIC 12–64 μg/ml), respectively. Resistance genes blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, ermB and aacA-aphD were present. Presence of MRSA and MDR variant in community settings is a public health concern, as cell phone, offices telephone, computer keyboard and tap faucet are commonly shared or touched by people. Therefore, have potential to disseminate widely, not only in the community settings but also in hospitals environment, complicating treatment.

The study was aimed to assess the wildlife diversity at the Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU) campus between November 2023 and October 2024. Data were collected through direct field observations using the line-transect method, plot counting, and interviews with local people. A total of 131 species were identified, representing 24 orders and 69 families. Among these, 5 species (3.82%) were amphibians, 16 species (12.21%) reptiles, 97 species (74.05%) birds, and 13 species (9.92%) mammals. Species richness was highest in tree habitats (53 species, 25.60%), while the winter season was recorded with the highest occurrence (102 species, 35.92%). Among the recorded species, 39 (29.77%) were categorized as very common, 14 (10.69%) as common, 22 (16.79%) as fairly common, and 56 (42.75%) as few. Duttaphrynus melanostictus was found as the most abundant amphibian (49.06%), Calotes versicolor among reptiles (28.74%), Passer domesticus among bird species (10.81%), and Canis aureus was the abundant mammal (27.03%). According to diversity indices, birds exhibited the highest diversity with a Shannon-Wiener index (H = 3.39) and Simpson's diversity index (Ds = 0.95). Of the 97 bird species, 83 (85.57%) were resident and 14 (14.43%) were migratory. Conversely, amphibians showed the highest evenness (E = 0.60). The findings suggest the need for long-term systematic monitoring and a comprehensive conservation strategy to conserve the wildlife diversity of the study region. Bangladesh J. Zool. 53(1): 111-123, 2025

Journal of Rapid Methods & Automation in MicrobiologyVolume 16, Issue 4 p. 285-287 FUNG'S CORNER Daniel Y. C. Fung MSPH, Ph.D., Daniel Y. C. Fung MSPH, Ph.D. Professor of Food Science and Professor of Animal Sciences and IndustryKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USADistinguished Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this author Daniel Y. C. Fung MSPH, Ph.D., Daniel Y. C. Fung MSPH, Ph.D. Professor of Food Science and Professor of Animal Sciences and IndustryKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USADistinguished Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4581.2008.00152.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume16, Issue4December 2008Pages 285-287 RelatedInformation

text (including references) A high disease incidence in Indian cross-bred dairy cows leads to high economic losses. Widespread use of antimicrobials and other veterinary drugs in dairy animals cause (a) residues in animal products and (b) a rising number of antimicrobial resistances, both related to consumer's health hazards. The traditional health care approaches have effective solutions for humans, animals and agriculture. The Ethnoveterinary Program of the Trans-disciplinary University of Bangalore documented local ethnoveterinary practices (EVP) in cooperation with the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Using the rapid assessment method [1] 353 out of the 460 documented ethnoveterinary formulations could be assessed as safe and efficacious. One forty medicinal plants were used in these formulations They subsequently mainstreamed in to the livestock primary health care through field veterinarians and farmers. Veterinarians (154) were trained for using EVP to manage 15 clinical diseases in livestock. They were given practical training for identification of the plants and raw drug, preparation of the formulations and the application under field conditions. We have also trained 2700 farmers for managing and preventing certain clinical diseases in dairy animals using EVP. The Field study using the fresh EVP formulation for mastitis on 314 cases in three states (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) indicated 97 & efficacy. 240 milk sample collected from the farmers of different milk cooperative from Kerala and Karnataka before and after intervention showed 18 to 49% residue in the milk which indicative EVP-based natural products is an effective alternative to synthetic chemicals in dairy farming. [1]