Abstract
Untreated shale oil, shale oil treated with HCl aqueous solution and shale oil treated with HCl and furfural were used to do comparative experiments in fixed bed reactors. Nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics extracted by HCl and furfural were characterized by electrospray ionization Fourier transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, respectively. Compared with untreated shale oil, the conversion and yield of liquid products increased considerably after removing basic nitrogen compounds by HCl extraction. Furthermore, after removing nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics by both HCl and furfural, the conversion and yield of liquid products further increased. In addition, N1 class species are predominant in both basic and non-basic nitrogen compounds, and they are probably indole, carbazole, cycloalkyl-carbazole, pyridine and cycloalkyl-pyridine. As for the condensed aromatics, most of them possess aromatic rings with two to three rings and zero to four carbon atom.
Highlights
Since the storage of conventional crude oil has decreased considerably in recent years
Nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics extracted by HCl and furfural were characterized by electrospray ionization Fourier transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, respectively
The basic properties, basic nitrogen contents and SARA compositions of both shale oil extracted by HCl and furfural raffinate oil further extracted by HCl varied sensibly compared with those of untreated shale oil, as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1
Summary
Since the storage of conventional crude oil has decreased considerably in recent years. The retardation effects of nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics in FCC process have to be figured out if shale oil is used to produce clean fuel. It is very meaningful to characterize the nitrogen compounds and the condensed aromatics in shale oil and figure out their influence on FCC process. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is often used to characterize condensed aromatics in oil samples since they cannot be ionized [17]. The retardation effect of nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics on shale oil FCC process was investigated by contrast experiments of different shale oils in a fixed bed reactor over a commercial equilibrium catalyst. Negative ion ESI FT-ICR MS and GC–MS were used to characteristic the nitrogen compounds and condensed aromatics in three oil samples. The ion source temperature was 200 °C, and the ion current was 250 lA
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