Applied petrochemical research: final issue

Petrochemical production accounts for a 6% of global energy consumption. Although this seems like a small percentage, in absolute numbers it is close to 30 EJ, i.e. 3 9 10 J. Consequently, industrial application of petrochemical research has a meaningful impact on the global economy and on the environment. Although the justification for petrochemical research in both industry and academia is clear, one may rightfully ask: why do we need yet another journal? The answer lies in the name: Applied Petrochemical Research. There are journals dealing with the many disciplines that support petrochemical research, such as catalysis, conversion chemistry, chemical engineering and material science. There are also journals dealing with the products from petrochemical research, such as polymers, lubricants and pharmaceuticals. However, applied petrochemical research requires integration across disciplines and products, even though studies may focus on only specific aspects. Applied studies do not have the same resolution of detail as discipline specific studies, but the relevance of applied studies is immediately apparent to practitioners that want to translate the research into actual processes and products. By its nature, Applied Petrochemical Research is home to multiand inter-disciplinary research dealing with petrochemicals, as well as single discipline studies that are of a more applied nature.

Annals of Chemical Science Research Immobilized Polyolefin Catalysts: Organic Versus Inorganic Supports Xiong Wang1*, Guangquan Li1, Pinglin He2, Dewen Chen3 and Wenqian Kang1 1Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina, China 2Polyolefin Operation Department II, Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, China 3Chemical Operation Department I, Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, China *Corresponding author:Xiong Wang, Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, China Submission: March 21, 2023;Published: March 29, 2023 DOI: 10.31031/ACSR.2023.03.000572 Volume3 Issue5March , 2023

To identify demographic characteristics associated with worksite health promotion participation and to determine whether employees with high-risk health-related behaviors, as measured by a health risk appraisal, were participating in programs designed to address these behaviors. Descriptive. A petrochemical research and development company where employees were offered a health risk appraisal questionnaire, a series of on-site wellness programs, and an on-site fitness center. All employees (n = 2290) working continuously from May 1, 1990, through February 28, 1992. Demographic and behavioral risk characteristics of participants and nonparticipants. Participation was 37% (health risk appraisal), 64% (all wellness programs), and 10% (fitness center), with women participating at higher rates than men in all programs. Most programs attracted 10% to 40% of the employees at risk for the particular behavior addressed by the program, although lower penetration (7% to 9%) was observed for the on-site fitness center and blood pressure education programs. With the exception of wellness programs for weight, smoking, and blood pressure, employees at lower behavioral risk tended to be more likely to participate than employees at high risk. Efforts to increase participation by all company employees, especially among those with high-risk behaviors, would benefit all health promotion programs, particularly the on-site fitness center.

1058 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE sufficiency” (p. 229). The deliberately slow rate of changeover from coal-based to oil-based chemicals was, therefore, determined to a large extent also by concern over the risks of becoming dependent on imported raw materials. When the move toward oil did begin, it was influenced as much by external political and economic influences, such as the Cold War and the Korean War, as by the new direction of the international organic chemical industry. Prewar, wartime, and postwar successes in traditional coal-based processes, notably Fischer-Tropsch gasification of coal, Walter Reppe’s acetylene chemistry, and Karl Ziegler’s catalysts (which per­ mitted low-pressure production of high-density polyethylene), ac­ counted for some of the ongoing commitment to coal. These pro­ cesses were also admired outside Germany and influenced trends in the sharing and transfer of coal- and oil-based technologies as Ger­ many entered into a new world order increasingly dominated by a U.S. foreign policy that favored inexpensive petroleum. This encour­ aged breakthroughs in petrochemical research, and the eventual real­ ization in Germany that strategies relevant before 1945 were no longer appropriate. Stokes delineates the different approaches adopted by the major players through case studies that show how BASF and Bayer became involved in collaboration with outsiders (Shell and British Petroleum, respectively), while Hoechst decided to enter the petrochemical arena without embarking on joint ventures. The Hüls factory, which specialized in synthetic rubber and polymers, relied to some extent on state intervention. The case studies make clear how industrialists, bureaucrats, and politicians changed their ways of thinking in the decade and a half after 1945. Stokes also briefly draws attention to the situation in East Germany, but at the time of writing, insufficient archival material was available to enable effective comparisons. Minor criticisms of the book relate to occasional poor editing and proofreading, which are not in keeping with standards normally associated with this publisher, and the ab­ sence of a bibliography. These should not, however, detract historians of technology from what is a thoroughly researched and important study of one neglected aspect of Germany’s break with the past. Anthony S. Travis Dr. Travis is deputy director of the Sidney M. Edelstein Center for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is the author of The Rainbow Makers: The Origins of the Synthetic Dyestuffs Industry in Western Europe (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Press, 1993). The Missile and Space Race. By Alan J. Levine. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1994. Pp. viii + 247; notes, bibliography, index. $55.00. Alan J. Levine’s book does something few have tried before. It deals with “the interplay between the development of space travel, TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 1059 the Cold War missile race, and the international politics of the quarter century following World War II” (p. vii). By combining discussions of the development of rocketry for military purposes with its applica­ tion to spaceflight, Levine makes clear a connection that is only im­ plicit in most treatments of the two topics. He alternates chapters on the development of rockets as weapons and of spaceflight, demon­ strating how they emerged in parallel, and how the U.S. space pro­ gram would have been delayed for years if converted rockets had not been available as the first space boosters. Levine also gives justified attention to early ideas about space planes and nuclear propulsion systems for spaceflight. But is the book a useful addition to the political and managerial history of space and rocketry? That is a hard question to answer. On one hand, Levine fills the book with a series of provocative statements and judgments, which, if valid, would challenge accepted explana­ tions. Here arejust a few examples. Early U.S. rocket engineers Frank Malina and Martin Summerfield “had been Communist sympathiz­ ers” (p. 8). “After their first role in sorting documents and giving advice, the Germans’ part in the American rocket effort [until the late 1950s] was small—not because they were not able, but because they were not used” (p. 13). “Europeans reacted much more strongly than people in the United States to Sputnik” (p. 64...

Localizing and creating technical knowledge in the developing countries to make them able to compete in the international arena will not be an easy task to undertake as it involves complexities and uncertainties. In this regard, methods of modeling and simulation help understanding the reality and thereby delineating the future. This paper discusses using system dynamics methodology in the Petrochemical Research and Technology Company (Iran). After determining causal loop diagrams, a dynamic model, and validation test, in order to improve the system, related scenarios to the research are proposed. The results show that research financing is a major obstacle in the course of growth and development; accordingly, some scenarios are recommended to increase technical knowledge through raising the initiation and completion rates of research projects. The paper closes with a description of the suggested scenarios.

Shazand Petrochemical to market SAC500 catalysts from Petrochemical Research and Technology.

Zagros in contract with Petrochemical Research and Haldor

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The 3rd KACST-Oxford Petrochemical Research Forum (KOPRC Forum) was held in August 2013, some of the presentations in the forum have been submitted to the special issue of Applied Petrochemical Research. This paper collection covers most of topics of petrochemical technologies including catalyst and catalytic process, polymers, feedstocks and process improvements.

The 4th KACST-Oxford Petrochemical Research Forum (KOPRC Forum) was held in Riyadh on 26–28 May 2014. The forum was focussed on potential “tipping point” advances to stimulate real, disruptive innovation in a mature, but receptive petroleum refining and petrochemical industry. Some of the presentations in the forum have been submitted to this special issue of Applied Petrochemical Research.

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 1057 administrators of the branch, especially the genial Brigadier O’Brien, who smoothed his path, but Kelly did the work. And he was more than a physicist. It is perhaps worth noting that in mid-1941 Kelly had accepted an offer, nullified by the war, to teach at St. John’s College in Annapolis, celebrated for its focus on “great books” and the humanities. This book is testimony to his success. That might not be sufficient reason for anyone to read it a half-century later—except for the rarity with which success in administration can be claimed, not to mention documented. Perhaps the circumstances of the time and place vitiate its usefulness to the present. Perhaps not. Robert P. Multhauf Dr. Multhauf is retired from the National Museum ofAmerican History, Smithson­ ian Institution, and lives in San Rafael, California. Optingfor Oil: The Political Economy of Technological Change in the West German Chemical Industry, 1945—1961. By Raymond G. Stokes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xi + 259; illustrations, notes, index. $49.95. The German chemical industry has often been portrayed as an economic miracle, either in its own right or within the framework of 19th- and early-20th-century industrial developments and reconstruc­ tion after two world wars. The achievements ofthe industry include the application of formal scientific knowledge to the creation of synthetic dyestuffs during the period 1868-1900, the introduction of highpressure ammonia synthesis in the decade after 1909, and the subse­ quent extension of high-pressure synthesis to the manufacture of syn­ thetic oil and rubber. All these were based on the exploitationofreadily available German coal resources and created a strong scientific and technological tradition that emphasized self-sufficiency in raw materi­ als. This was especially critical during the National Socialist era. While the history of the German chemical industry until the imme­ diate aftermath of World War II has been well-documented, until now little has been written about the origins of the present-day oilbased industry in western Germany. In Opting for Oil, Raymond Stokes provides an account of the conditions that brought about the change from coal to oil. The industry’s dependence on coal began to decline after the collapse of Nazi Germany and the breakup of the I. G. Farben corporation (successor to the 19th-century dye-making companies, including BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst). However, as Stokes demonstrates, until the late 1950s, the move away from coal did not seem to be inevitable. The reasons for this included foreignexchange restrictions, tariffs on petroleum, and the retention of in­ dustrial leaders who “had come of age in a period in which the pre­ vailing mode of thinking was in terms of maximizing domestic self 1058 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE sufficiency” (p. 229). The deliberately slow rate of changeover from coal-based to oil-based chemicals was, therefore, determined to a large extent also by concern over the risks of becoming dependent on imported raw materials. When the move toward oil did begin, it was influenced as much by external political and economic influences, such as the Cold War and the Korean War, as by the new direction of the international organic chemical industry. Prewar, wartime, and postwar successes in traditional coal-based processes, notably Fischer-Tropsch gasification of coal, Walter Reppe’s acetylene chemistry, and Karl Ziegler’s catalysts (which per­ mitted low-pressure production of high-density polyethylene), ac­ counted for some of the ongoing commitment to coal. These pro­ cesses were also admired outside Germany and influenced trends in the sharing and transfer of coal- and oil-based technologies as Ger­ many entered into a new world order increasingly dominated by a U.S. foreign policy that favored inexpensive petroleum. This encour­ aged breakthroughs in petrochemical research, and the eventual real­ ization in Germany that strategies relevant before 1945 were no longer appropriate. Stokes delineates the different approaches adopted by the major players through case studies that show how BASF and Bayer became involved in collaboration with outsiders (Shell and British Petroleum, respectively), while Hoechst decided to enter the petrochemical arena without embarking on joint ventures. The Hüls factory, which specialized in...

The computer-aided reconstruction of gasoline composition is an active area of petroleum and petrochemical research as a result of the demand for molecular-level management of the petroleum feed streams. To that end, in this work, a molecular compositional model based on a predefined representative molecular set was built that allows for the conversion of conventional bulk property data to an approximate molecular composition. The selection of representative molecules was based on their presence in gasoline molecular compositional measurement and their potential contribution to the key physical properties. Around 170 hydrocarbons and heteroatom species were chosen as predefined identities of molecules that can exist in a gasoline sample. The physical property data of all of the representative molecules were collected, and suitable mixing rules for the gasoline range stream were applied for the accurate prediction of bulk properties. The approximate concentration of representative molecules was obtained th...

The GRC on Rock Deformation highlights the latest research in brittle and ductile rock mechanics from experimental, field and theoretical perspectives. The conference promotes a multi-disciplinary forum for assessing our understanding of rock strength and related physical properties in the Earth. The theme for the 2008 conference is 'Real-time Rheology'. Using ever-improving geophysical techniques, our ability to constrain the rheological behavior during earthquakes and post-seismic creep has improved significantly. Such data are used to investigate the frictional behavior of faults, processes responsible for strain localization, the viscosity of the lower crust, and viscous coupling between the crust and mantle. Seismological data also provide information on the rheology of the lower crust and mantle through analysis of seismic attenuation and anisotropy. Geologists are improving our understanding of rheology by combining novel analyses of microstructures in naturally deformed rocks with petrologic data. This conference will bring together experts and students in these research areas with experimentalists and theoreticians studying the same processes. We will discuss and assess where agreement exists on rheological constraints derived at different length/time scales using different techniques - and where new insight is required. To encompass the elements of these topics, speakers and discussion leaders with backgrounds in geodesy, experimental rock deformation, structural geology, earthquake seismology, geodynamics, glaciology, materials science, and mineral physics will be invited to the conference. Thematic sessions will be organized on the dynamics of earthquake rupture, the rheology of the lower crust and coupling with the upper mantle, the measurement and interpretation of seismic attenuation and anisotropy, the dynamics of ice sheets and the coupling of reactive porous flow and brittle deformation for understanding geothermal and chemical properties of the shallow crust that are important for developing ideas in CO2 sequestration, geothermal and petrochemical research and the mechanics of shallow faults.

Recently, a new gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet (GC-VUV) detector was created and used for the identification of petroleum and petrochemicals. Information from GC-VUV includes both quantitative and qualitative data. The VUV detector demonstrates exceptional adaptability, sensitivity, and complementary properties in diverse research fields, including environmental, food, and petrochemical research. It achieves low picogram level detection limits and comparable sensitivity to a quadruple MS operated in scan mode, making VUV spectroscopy a competitive and cutting-edge technique. This review aims to shed light on the benefits and quirks of the GC-VUV coupling, which received high acceptance since the advent of a commercial VUV detector. It is aimed in this review to present and discuss the potential applications of GC-VUV technique with respect to the recent development and progress, practical considerations, and industrial implementation in refineries and research laboratories as well as its restrictions.

In the context of economic ties globalization the economic actors in the certain region play a role of the agents participating in improving performance, obtaining positive dynamics of regions development and new job formation. Innovative development will make possible to increase competitive advantage both of the regions and of the country as a whole. The Republic of Tatarstan innovative development is based on maximization of inner potential in economic development of the territory as a result of competitive advantage intensification within the frames of the effective market institutions, the state support in the field of research and technology innovations, formation of techno parks and technology incubators. The program of the region innovative development implies clusters forming and further evolving on the basis of petrochemical sector enterprises, educational and research institutes located on the territory of Tatarstan. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s3p183