Results of the study of chemical-, vacuum drying- and plasma-pretreatment of coconut (Cocos nucifera) lumber sawdust for the adsorption of methyl red in water solution

Abstract

The study to be presented is motivated by the need of certain industries to implement a cost-effective method of cleaning up wastewater from industrial processes, for example the clean-up of dye-tainted wastewater from textile mills. Biomass by-products, for a long time, have been the popular choice for the role of clean-up agents for certain applications but sometimes the efficiency for adsorption of the targeted waste material is not promising and thus the need for pre-treatment of the biomass material. This work will present the results of a study using three methods of pre-treating coconut (Cocos nucifera) lumber sawdust for the adsorption of methyl red dye in water solution, namely; (1) chemical processing using formaldehyde treatment and sulfuric acid treatment, (2) vacuum drying, and (3) plasma treatment. The vacuum drying and plasma treatment utilized a hexapole-magnetized microwave plasma device that uses a 2.45GHz microwave source. The results showed that there is a dramatic increase in the dye removal efficiency (% dye removal) after the treatment of the coconut sawdust. The highest recorded % dye removal is as follows: formaldehyde treatment (20%), sulfuric acid treatment (40%), vacuum dried (62%), hydrogen plasma (65%), oxygen plasma (67%) and argon plasma (70%). It was also shown that the % dye removal is dependent on the initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. The adsorption results of this study were fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models but the data are better described by the Freundlich isotherm model as compared to Langmuir. From the results of the study, it is concluded that the methods of vacuum drying and plasma pre-treatment are more effective alternative to chemical processing of the coconut lumber sawdust in the adsorption of dye in wastewater.