Abstract
Biomass-derived 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) with excellent energy density and satisfactory combustion performance holds great promise to meet the growing demands for transportation fuels and fuel additives to a certain extent. In this review, we summarized the relative merits of the EMF preparation from different feedstocks, such as platform chemicals, biomass sugars and lignocellulosic biomass. Advances for EMF synthesis over homogeneous (i.e. inorganic acids and soluble metal salts), heterogeneous catalysts (i.e. zeolites, heteropolyacid-based hybrids, sulfonic acid-functionalized catalysts, and others) or mixed-acid catalysts were performed as well. Additionally, the emerging development for the EMF production was also evaluated in terms of the different solvents system (i.e. single-phase solvents, biphasic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents). It is concluded with current challenges and prospects for advanced biofuel EMF preparation in the future.
Highlights
It is urgent to convert renewable biomass resources into advanced biofuels, and platform chemicals, such as polyhydric alcohol, furan compounds, short-chain alkanes, organic acids, and their esters derivatives [1–4]
EMF as advanced biofuel can reduce the environmental pollution profiting from its high oxidation stability, accompanied by the reduction of soot emissions, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides [10, 11]
The results showed that Silica-SO3H had little activity for the isomerization of glucose to fructose, but the catalyst was much conducive to the reaction of dehydration and etherification
Summary
It is urgent to convert renewable biomass resources into advanced biofuels, and platform chemicals, such as polyhydric alcohol, furan compounds, short-chain alkanes, organic acids, and their esters derivatives [1–4]. HPA supported on K-10 clay was prepared for efficient synthesis of EMF from HMF and fructose by Zhang and co-authors [54], which made the EMF yield as high as 91.5 and 61.5%, respectively. Their findings showed that the catalyst was most active when Ag+ exchanged 1 H+ with HPW, and a high EMF yield of 88.7 and 69.5% could be reached when HMF and fructose were chosen as starting materials, respectively.
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