Abstract
Aprotic lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have received attention as a result of their high theoretical energy density and potentially low material cost. However, their practical applications are limited by side reactions from extremely active singlet oxygen (1O2), lithium superoxide, and insulated lithium peroxide. The use of redox mediators (RMs) has emerged as a strategy to avoid such irreversible reactions. This review summarizes typical RMs on discharging and charging and their corresponding reaction mechanism. Useful non-electroactive additives are also mentioned for inspiration on RMs preparation. Strategies for suppressing shuttle effects and reducing 1O2-induced degradation are further discussed to achieve high reversibility when using RMs. Finally, prospects and conclusions for reversible Li–O2 cells are presented.
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