Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a central nervous system tumor of grade IV histological malignancy according to the WHO classification. GBM is an extraordinary tumor and the worldwide incidence is less than 10 per 100,000 individuals. The prognosis of this tumor is meagre and survival rate is 15 months subsequent to diagnosis. Such an atrocious image of this tumor is responsible for a major issue of public health. This tumor develops from normal glial cells through multistep oncogenesis. Genetic alterations and deregulations of molecular pathways are responsible for development of both primary and secondary GBM. Diagnosis of GBM is performed by imaging techniques. These non-invasive imaging techniques are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and Positron emission tomography (PET). Definitive diagnosis of GBM is based on histopathological examination of the intra operatively removed tumor or its parts, using traditional histological, cytologic and histochemical methods. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy based possible diagnostic significance of GBM is also reported. Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme includes tumor resection, as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Nanomedicine and bacterial protein based therapeutic approaches are in the developmental stage. There is always need of the development of new therapeutic approaches for GBM to improve the survival and quality of life.
Highlights
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a central nervous system tumor of grade IV histological malignancy according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification
A total of 20-40% glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients showed the personality change with impairing cognitive functions
This event is appeared in the form of symptom of headaches, which is a characteristic feature in 30-50% of GBM patients [1, 15]
Summary
Grading of gliomas has been performed by World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO graded the gliomas from I - IV and the basis of grading is histological characteristics, prognosis and median age of survival. Clinical presentation of patients with GBM may appear with different signs and symptoms. Larger size tumor is responsible for considerable to imbalance in gait and incontinence [1, 15,16] In another mechanism is appeared in the form of secondary effects on the brain tissue. Enhancement of intracranial pressure is a direct outcome of gradual enlarges in tumor size and increased oedema surrounding the tumor This event is appeared in the form of symptom of headaches, which is a characteristic feature in 30-50% of GBM patients [1, 15]. A rare symptom of headaches may be associated with vomiting and papilledema [16] In another mechanistic effect on brain is responsible for symptom of seizures usually with a focal onset. Location of tumor in 20-40% of the GBM cases may present simple partial, complex partial or generalised seizures [1, 15,16]
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