Postupak osmišljavanja i izvođenja metoda aerisane lagune, oksidacionog jarka i konstruisanja mokrih polja za tretman i ponovnu upotrebu otpadnih voda u Erbilu

This research aimed to study characteristics variation of Erbil municipal wastewater (EMWW) during 26 years (1994-2020), appropriate treatment using different methods, and suitability of the treated wastewater (WW) for disposal to the natural environment or using for irrigation purpose. Forty-seven WW quality parameters were studied. A number of EMWW characteristics such as five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total suspended solids (TSS) were exceeded the WW discharge standards. Consequently, EMWW needs treatment process prior to disposal to the environment. Primary treatment units with lagoons or oxidation ditch or wetland were applied as first scenario for treatment of EMWW; While, using only lagoons or oxidation ditch or wetland directly was the second situation. EMWW normally regarded as weak/low to medium WW type and it is classified as good to injurious irrigation water kind. Commonly, time had not great effect on EMWW characteristics. Life style, climate, sewerage system (combined or separate systems), climate, and areas/zones had effect on the quality of the municipal WWs. Primary units plus wetland led to removal efficiency of 94.75 %, 93.07 %, 89.47 %, 96.72 %, and 57.68 % for BOD5, COD, NH3-N, TSS and PO4, respectively. Treatment of EMWW using both primary units and wetland resulted in achieving effluents agreed with the standards for disposal of WW. Generally, treated EMWW can be used for cooked vegetables and irrigating green areas.

Stage by stage design for primary, conventional activated sludge, SBR and MBBR units for residential wastewater treatment and reusing

Many countries all over the world are facing water shortages. As population increases, water is being perceived as a very valuable resource. Every effort is exerted to use water more efficiently and to make use of every drop of water to ensure the well being of future generations. New trends are developed and practiced in the area of water resources use and water saving. These trends vary from one country to another according to the degree of water scarcity, economic situations, and other factors. Developing non‐conventional water resources is an example of the recent trends in developing new water resources and water savings. Unlike rainfall, rivers, and groundwater which are considered conventional freshwater resources, the non‐conventional water resources include sea water desalination, agriculture wastewater reuse, and municipal wastewater reuse. This paper deals with the reuse of agriculture, municipal, and industrial wastewater as a new trend in developing additional water resources. Special interest is given to municipal wastewater, its characteristics and necessary treatment. Environmental and human health considerations for wastewater reuse, especially in agriculture, are also discussed. Possible consequences of wastewater reuse are introduced. Examples of wastewater reuse practices in some countries are also mentioned.

Rapid urbanization causes increase in urban population. Over half of the world’s population lives in cities. By 2050, seven out of every 10 people will be city dwellers. India is a part of this global trend. Nearly 28% of India’s population lives in cities and this is expected to increase to 41% by the year 2020. Urban population will generate huge amount of domestic wastewater (WW). The promising alternative for disposal of wastewater is its utilization for irrigation after treatment. To utilize domestic wastewater, it is vital to generate the information about of different quality parameters and their variations due to seasonal weather conditions. Physiochemical water quality parameters (EC, pH, turbidity, total solids, NH4–N, NO3–N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, CO3, HCO3 and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, Mo) of domestic wastewater were determined for the period of one year. The data set is used to present spatial and temporal variations of the domestic wastewater quality. Identification of wastewater quality parameters responsible for temporal variations due to effect of semi-arid climate was done through multivariate cluster analysis. Correlation study between the identified parameters was also conducted. Wastewater was slightly acidic in nature with mean value of pH 6.87. Highest concentration was observed for total solids. Concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen was higher than nitrate nitrogen; similarly bicarbonate concentration was higher in comparison to carbonate concentration. In the category of heavy metals highest concentration with mean value 0.98 mg l−1 was observed with iron and least with molybdenum with mean value 0.01 mg l−1. Most of the water quality parameters concentration was higher during summer season, moderate during winter season and least during rainy season. Correlation study between quality parameters shows the presence of bicarbonate with calcium and magnesium. Presence of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate play important role for the quantum of total solids in domestic wastewater. Wastewater quality was under safe limit throughout the year in terms of irrigation water quality indices SAR and Mg/Ca ratio. But it was under safe to moderate limit in terms of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) index. Cluster analysis divides the months of a complete year in three clusters. First cluster have six months (July, August, September, October, November and December), second cluster have four months (January, February, March and April) and third cluster have two months (May and June).

Due to the industrialization and urbanization a great quantity of wastewater is produced every day. It is important to monitor the wastewater quality and to determine if it is safe to discharge it in to the environment. In this study, wastewater quality in Galatz city, from Romania, was evaluated. The wastewater generally comes from domestic activities and from industry. We were monitored wastewater which enters in the treatment station of the city. In order to monitor the wastewater quality, some physical and chemical parameters were determined according to standard methods. The analyzed chemical parameters were: ammonium (mg/l), total nitrogen (mg/l), sulphides and hydrogen sulphide (mg/l), total phosphorus, total dispersed solids (TDS), total solids in suspension (TSS)(mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (COD)(mg O2/l) and pH. As physical parameters was studied only conductivity. These data were collected during February 2015–February 2016. The physico-chemical parameters were determinated each month during this period.

A journey of wastewater to clean hydrogen: A perspective

In Erbil City, municipal wastewater (MWW) is disposed directly without any treatment processes in the natural environment water body and in some places used for irrigation purposes. Untreated MWW causes problems for the environment, and people's health. Water quantity and quality variation produce complications for water sources in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. There is a lack of performing MWW management fundamentals in the area as well. This research aimed to study the MWW management in Erbil City, presenting water resource difficulties and bringing about suitable solutions for the water resource problems, and also to highlight the risk for the poor Management. MWW Data on Erbil municipal (EMWW) water quality parameters were collected and analyzed for the study period (four months), beginning in October 2022 and ending in March 2023. Twelve EMWW quality parameters were captured and tested in the Laboratory, arranged, and compared with MWW disposal criteria and local standards. The following MWW parameters include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), chloride (CL), total solids (TS), total alkalinity, total acidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. The results showed that Erbil's MWW characteristics in terms of temperatures ranged between 11-23 °C and in turn, affected biological species activities. Maximum PH value was 7.7. Total alkalinity found in the range from 140 to 178 mg/l. Chloride concentration results showed for October was 62 mg/l and the maximum value was 80 mg/l in November due to the increment in temperature and evaporation. The range of the COD values of sewage water for five months was 246 -773 mg. Erbil's MWW's moderate to medium strength may be treated and utilized for landscaping, fountains, and irrigation, minimizing the need for fresh water from resources like wells and surface water in the Greater Zab River.

Comparison of a sMBR and a CASP system for wastewater reclamation and re-use

Municipal wastewater reuse offers the potential to significantly increase the total available water resources. Recently, the occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs), like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), in water resources is of continued concern for the public health and safety. However, the existing conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were not originally conceived to eliminate these unidentified contaminants, which have not been monitored routinely because of the absence of stringent-specific regulation. This chapter focuses on the occurrence of these ECs and feasible opportunities for guidelines in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse. An environmental risk assessment posed by a common means of the risk quotient shows that 27 pharmaceuticals pose high or medium risk. The concept of source control and source separation could reduce the manufacture and produce a wastewater with an optimal composition for further centralized treatment. Additional and integrated technologies for synergic treatment units are found necessary to provide high-quality recycled water and sustainable water resources.

Water contamination was a serious problem throughout the world. Various technologically advanced treatment methodologies for example activated sludge process, membrane bioreactor, trickling filter, rotating biological contractor and oxidation ditch are widely studied well documented and adopted in practice. However, attention to promising low-investment-cost technologies such as slow biological waste water treatments after preliminary/primary treatment techniques was quite effective water treatment technology. It is also efficient in removing coli form microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium, E. coli and bacteriophage from wastewater. Apart from reduction of pathogenic load which is ascribed to the biological processes. This way of technology adopted the methodology taking the sample in the field of water surface two parts in sampling pond water in the surface pond water and inner parts also handling two different glass bottles. Then in analysis their analysis the sample subjected to physiochemical analysis then again the sample subjected to serial dilution to identify the microbe’s spp in the water sample (surface and deepest) part of pond water surface part of sample more microbes familiar conducted in this experiment. Then by using those identified microbes dosing this is done using 10-6 and 10-5 by prepared nutrient agar (3.25 gram with 250 ml of distilled water). Then take 1% (0.5), 3% (1.5) and 5% (2.5) by volume of broth added into waste water of 49.5 ml, 48.5 ml and 47.5 ml respectively. This means that for 50 ml of conical flask as the colonies of culture increase the probability of waste water to be clear was too been high so 47.5 with 5% (2.5) combined form of broth high potent of cleaned.

Design of a modified low cost treatment system for the recycling and reuse of laundry waste water

Pilot study of SBR biological treatment and microfiltration for reclamation and reuse of municipal wastewater

This paper reports on the performance of using a multistage constructed wetland (CW) to treat municipal raw wastewater and an analysis of its suitability for agricultural irrigation. The pilot plant consists of two stages of vertical flow CWs plus one stage of a horizontal CW built in 2018 with different local materials at the Gaston Berger University Campus, Saint Louis (Senegal). Each CW stage is composed of several filters with different type of media (silex, granite, or river gravel), filtering media depths, and macrophytes (Phragmites and Typha). The physicochemical and microbiological indicators were monitored over six months at each bed inlet and outlet to evaluate the efficiency and achievements of the Senegalese, European, and WHO regulations/recommendations for disposal or reuse in irrigation. This study demonstrates the viability of this new multistage CW design to treat raw municipal wastewater and produce an effluent of good quality suitable for reuse in agriculture. The removal of organic matter, suspended solids, and nutrients was very high (>95% for SS, BOD5 and N-NH4+, >90% for COD and P-PO43−), as was the reduction of microbiological indicators (fecal coliform reduction >5 log units and helminth egg removal of 100%). First, trends related to the influence of design (the type of gravel, filter depth, and type of macrophyte), operational modes, and the CW treatment efficiency were determined. The use of non-crushed gravel and Typha spp. seemed to provide better removal rates. On the contrary, no differences were found between the use of silex or granite gravel. For the studied Senegalese conditions under dry and hot climates, the preliminary results indicate that no resting periods are necessary for vertical flow CWs (VFCWs), thus resulting in a reduction in construction and operation costs. The main outcome of our study is evidence that multistage CWs can provide robust, cost-effective treatments, as well as allow for safe water reuse, which is imperative in areas with severe water scarcity and endemic microbiological waterborne diseases.

In this study, the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of raw wastewater were compared with the liquid and solid streams generated by a primary clarifier (PC), a rotating belt filter (RBF, 350 μm), and a drum filter (DF, 60 μm) and series (SER) combination of an RBF with a PC or a DF using pilot-scale primary treatment units. The RBF removed about 36% of the influent total suspended solids. The DF and PC yielded an influent total suspended solid removal of 47% to 55% in both individual (parallel) and SER configurations. The size fractionation and chemical characterizations of the liquid fractions indicated a significant change in the wastewater composition in both filter configurations with no variation in the biodegradability of liquid fractions. The solids recovered by RBF had a higher total solids (TS) concentration and a higher volatile solids (VS) content (0.92 g VS/g TS) than that of DF and PC treatments (0.58 to 0.84 g VS/g TS). DF and PC sludge demonstrated a higher biodegradability rate (k1 ; 0.11 d-1 < k1 < 0.20 d-1 ) than solids recovered by RBF (0.09 d-1 ). The retained solids in the SER configuration demonstrated a significantly lower theoretical biochemical methane potential than the parallel configuration, likely due to the presence of smaller particles with a significantly higher ratio of particulate chemical oxygen demand over volatile suspended solids (1.86 to 2.40 g chemical oxygen demand/g volatile suspended solids). These results indicated that the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of liquid and solids from different filter configurations are required to determine design criteria to upgrade or retrofit water resource recovery facilities using an RBF or a DF. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A rotating belt filter (RBF) removed less solids than a drum filter (DF) or a primary clarifier (PC). A series configuration of an RBF with either a DF or PC resulted in an effluent with a lower proportion of slowly biodegradable organic matter than in a parallel configuration. Solids from an RBF, a DF, or a PC had similar theoretical biochemical methane potential.

Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater into water that is suitable to be discharged back into the environment. Proper wastewater treatment is essential in order to ensure the health of the population and the environment. According to a June 2012 USEPA case study in Fairfax County, Virginia, poorly designed/managed wastewater treatment systems lead to the pollution of nearly 900 miles of streams, lakes, and ponds. Due to environmental consequences resulting from poor management, two distinct treatment systems will be explored to observe their efficacy. They are aerobic digestion at Bland Correctional Center and oxidation ditch at Appalachian Detention Center. Both systems are common as they are simple and cost effective.My hypothesis is that aerobic digestion will be the more effective over oxidation ditch, and objective is to determine which is the more effective system. The tests to be performed include carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and E. coli. Once all data from both institutions are collected, it will all be analyzed and compared against current USEPA standards.It is anticipated that the Bland Correctional Center’s aerobic digestion system will have much lower E. coli, TSS, and CBOD readings in their samples because the institution sends samples to Blue Ridge Analytical Environmental Laboratory thrice weekly to ensure compliance to EPA standards, while Appalachian Detention Center only sends samples once monthly. Given the data observed so far, all tests conducted at Bland Correctional Center have proved that the facility is well within compliance of USPEA standards.