Perceptions of GHG emissions and renewable energy sources in Europe, Australia and the USA.

Hydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey

The transition of Europe’s nations towards an increased share of variable renewable energy sources implies fundamental knowledge of the regional distribution of power generation in the near future. Bottom-up geo-spatial analyses are carried out to calculate the technically available potential of renewable energy sources in Europe. Calculated potential is then rated by energy carrier dependent factors. Evaluation is carried out for the 16 countries considered in the project eXtremOS. In total, 31.5 PWh of renewable energy potential is identified, with 1.2 PWh rooftop solar, 2.7 PWh offsite solar, 14 PWh onshore wind and 13.5 PWh offshore wind energy. Presented results have not yet been subject to economic influence factors. The high resolution spatial analysis brings up small scale regional effects, due to very different conditions of available areas, wind speed etc. Such local effects provide a strong benefit for e.g. national power grid planning.

The use of renewable energy is at the core of EU energy policy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels imported from non-EU countries, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decoupling energy costs from oil prices. Currently, 22.5% of energy consumed in the EU comes from renewable sources. This increase over 2021 is due to strong growth in solar energy. This share is also increasing due to the consumption of non-renewable energy sources in 2022. According to expert forecasts, the share of renewable energy sources in Europe will continue to grow. Achieving the 42.5% target by 2030 will require a deep transformation of the European energy system. The very strong climate and energy policies pursued in the EU for about a dozen years and aimed at limiting emissions of harmful substances into the environment have led to a gradual abandonment of traditional energy sources. Increasing demand for energy while reducing its supply from traditional sources means that in order not to make the economy too dependent on energy imports, the dynamic development of renewable energy is necessary. The EU is therefore taking very extensive operational and strategic actions to use other sources for production, such as wind, solar energy, mechanical water energy, biomass and geothermal energy, as well as tidal waves, ocean heat, wave energy and sea currents. In this study, we assess the impact of energy, economic and environmental factors on the share of renewable energy in the EU. The aim of these studies was to identify the energy, economic and environmental indicators that have the greatest impact on the share of energy from renewable sources in the European Union. The study was conducted using the Statgraphics Centurion software package. The source data for the study was data from the official Eurostat website for the period from 2012 to 2022. The results of this study show that changes in gross domestic product in market prices per capita have a positive impact, as do changes in greenhouse gas emissions per capita negatively affect the share of energy from renewable sources in the EU in the period 2012-2022. This may most likely be due to the fact that EU countries are more likely to invest in renewable energy as they can afford to invest in the development of expensive renewable energy technologies and support subsidies for the promotion and regulation of renewable energy. The negative impact of per capita greenhouse gas emissions on renewable energy development is due to the high share of coal in the EU energy mix, meaning that coal not only has negative environmental impacts, but also negative environmental impacts. development of renewable energy.

Chapter 5 - Strategy to support renewable energy sources in Europe

Electric vehicle charging strategy to support renewable energy sources in Europe 2050 low-carbon scenario

Forest biomass is an important energy source in Sweden and some other European countries. In this paper we estimate the physically available (i.e., total potential) forest biomass for energy from annual forest harvesting (1970–2008) or in the total standing stock (2008) in Sweden. To place Sweden’s forest resources into perspective we relate this to an estimated need for renewable energy sources in Europe. As Swedish forests supply a range of goods and ecosystem services, and as forest biomass is often bulky and expensive to procure, we also discuss issues that affect the amount of forest biomass that is actually available for energy production. We conclude that forests will contribute to Sweden’s renewable energy potential, but to a limited extent and expectations must be realistic and take techno-economical and environmental issues into consideration. To meet future energy needs in Sweden and Europe, a full suite of renewable energy resources will be needed, along with efficient conversion systems. A long-term sustainable supply of forest resources for energy and other uses can be obtained if future harvest levels are increased until they are equal to the annual growth increment. Delivering more than this would require increasing forest productivity through more intensive management. The new management regimes would have to begin now because it takes a long time to change annual production in temperate and boreal forests.

Sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wave energy can take the place of fossil fuels. They replenish organically and aid in the fight against climate change. Solar energy harvests the sun's energy using photovoltaic panels or concentrated solar power plants. Wind energy converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity by using turbines. Hydropower uses water that is either flowing or falling to generate electricity. You may generate energy from organic material using biomass. Geothermal energy harnesses the heat of the Earth to produce heat or electricity. Utilising the strength of tides and ocean waves to produce electricity is known as tidal and wave energy. These tools aid in the development of a cleaner, greener future by lowering emissions and enhancing air quality. Our energy mix needs to be more diverse in order to lessen our dependency on fossil fuels, and renewable energy sources are essential for this. Solar power is widely available and can be used in rooftop installations or massive solar farms. Building wind farms in windy areas has significantly increased the use of wind energy. An established technology called hydropower uses water sources to make electricity, whereas biomass uses organic waste to produce both heat and power. Geothermal energy uses the Earth's interior heat as a source of power, making it dependable and continuous. With the ability to harness the energy of the ocean to produce electricity, tidal and wave energy offer tremendous promise. Adopting renewable energy sources contributes to the development of a resilient and sustainable energy system for a cleaner and better future. Hydropower is a well-known technique that uses water to generate electricity, whereas biomass uses organic waste to generate both heat and power. Geothermal energy is dependable and continuous because it harnesses the heat from deep inside the Earth. Tidal and wave energy hold great potential since they can use ocean energy to generate electricity. Utilising renewable energy sources helps build a robust and sustainable energy system for a better and cleaner future.Due to our reliance on diminishing fossil fuel reserves, we are susceptible to price swings and geopolitical unrest. By varying our energy mix and lowering our dependency on foreign fuels, research into renewable energy sources fosters greater energy independence and thereby supports energy security. Environmental Protection: The exploitation and burning of fossil fuels have negative consequences on ecosystems, causing pollution of the air and water, the destruction of habitats, and the extinction of species. We can reduce environmental damage and safeguard natural resources by investigating and implementing renewable energy sources. The renewable energy industry has the ability to stimulate economic growth and employment creation. Research in this area paves the way for the creation of cutting-edge technology, lowers costs, and boosts productivity, making renewable energy more competitive with fossil fuels and economically viable. Energy Access in Developing Regions: Many areas, particularly in developing nations, do not have consistent access to energy. Researching renewable energy sources, especially decentralised ones like solar energy, can produce clean and economical energy solutions, enhancing socioeconomic development and quality of life.Technological Advancements: Ongoing research into renewable energy has made it possible to make strides in energy storage, solar panel efficiency, and wind turbine design. These developments improve the overall efficiency and dependability of renewable energy systems, increasing their viability and efficiency. Research offers insightful analysis into the policy and regulatory frameworks required to facilitate the integration of renewable energy into current power systems. It aids in identifying obstacles, evaluating the results of the deployment of renewable energy, and creating efficient policies to encourage the use of renewable energy. Conduct resource assessments to determine a region's potential for renewable energy. Decide on the appropriate renewable energy technology based on the needs of the location and the available resources. Utilise the technical, environmental, and economic factors to analyse the viability. Consider the system's size, capacity, and necessary infrastructure when designing it. It is necessary to buy and install the necessary infrastructure and machinery for the renewable energy system. Integrate the system into the existing electrical grid to ensure that it is compatible and compliant. Establish operational, maintenance, and performance-enhancing routines. Follow up on problems with and inefficiencies in the system. Continue your research and development efforts to advance technologies. Work with research organisations and stakeholders to advance the production of renewable energy.

The unit commitment (UC) optimization issue is a vital issue in the operation and management of power systems. In recent years, the significant inroads of renewable energy (RE) resources, especially wind power and solar energy generation systems, into power systems have led to a huge increment in levels of uncertainty in power systems. Consequently, solution the UC is being more complicated. In this work, the UC problem solution is addressed using the Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (GTO) for three cases including solving the UC at deterministic state, solving the UC under uncertainties of system and sources with and without RE sources. The uncertainty modelling of the load and RE sources (wind power and solar energy) are made through representing each uncertain variable with a suitable probability density function (PDF) and then the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method is employed to generate a large number of scenarios then a scenario reduction technique known as backward reduction algorithm (BRA) is applied to establish a meaningful overall interpretation of the results. The results show that the overall cost per day is reduced from 0.2181% to 3.7528% at the deterministic state. In addition to that the overall cost reduction per day is 19.23% with integration of the RE resources. According to the results analysis, the main findings from this work are that the GTO is a powerful optimizer in addressing the deterministic UC problem with better cost and faster convergence curve and that RE resources help greatly in running cost saving. Also uncertainty consideration makes the system more reliable and realistic.

The European Union aims to deploy a high share of renewable energy sources in Europe’s power system by 2050. Large-scale intermittent wind and solar power production requires flexibility to ensure an adequate supply–demand balance. Green hydrogen (GH) can increase power systems’ flexibility and decrease renewable energy production’s curtailment. However, investing in GH is costly and dependent on electricity prices, which are important for operational costs in electrolysis. Moreover, the use of GH for power system flexibility might not be economically viable if there is no hydrogen demand from the hydrogen market. If so, questions would arise as to, what would be the incentives to introduce GH as a source of flexibility in the power system, and how would electrolyzer costs, hydrogen demand, and other factors affect the economic viability of GH usage for power system flexibility. The paper implements a European power system model formulated as a stochastic program to address these questions. The authors use the model to compare various instances with hydrogen in the power system to a no-hydrogen instance. The results indicate that by 2050 deployment of approximately 140 GW of GH will pay off investments and make the technology economically viable. We find that the price of hydrogen is estimated to be around €30/MWh.

Assessment of renewable energy resources using new interval rough number extension of the level based weight assessment and combinative distance-based assessment

Les énergies renouvelables. État de l'art et perspectives de développement

Feed-in tariffs are the most popular policy tool to support electricity from renewable energy sources in Europe. I introduce a simple investment decision model to explain how different policy design features influence the incentive to invest in renewable energy systems. The theoretical tool captures tariff amount, contract duration, electricity price, system lifetime, price uncertainty, generation cost, discount rate, and an alternative investment option. In a fixed effects model, I regress technology-specific generation on the resulting covariate. Using a sample of 26 EU member countries between 1990 and 2010, I find that FIT policies have effectively supported biomass, geothermal, and solar photovoltaic electricity generation. However, there is no such link between FIT policies and onshore wind generation. I show that alternative measures of FIT policies, such as binary and nominal variables, can yield misleading results. The paper provides country-specific recommendations for policymakers on how to increase the overall effectiveness of their existing feed-in tariffs.

Generation expansion planning with a renewable energy target and interconnection option: A case study of the Sulawesi region, Indonesia

At the present day energy and environment problems occurring because of urbanization, population growth and technology bring the usage of renewable and environment-friendly energy resources in the foreground in local, regional and global scale. Construction sector, which causes environmental pollution by using considerable part of natural resources, uses energy beginning from raw material extraction phase going through construction, usage and demolition phases. Therefore utilisation of renewable energy resources and tackling environmental problems come into the sphere of interest of not only architecture discipline but also but also other disciplines related with architecture; and sensibility increasing by environmental and energy problems obligates to collaborate all disciplines related with construction production. In this context sustainable architecture concept find interest and acceptance more and more by the day. Providing the conservation of resources by using renewable energy resources helps to solve environmental problems. In order to solve environmental problems it is beneficial to define said concepts, determine the criteria for energy use by prompting the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and approach the subject by interdisciplinary rapprochement. Biological energy, water, solar and wind energy through easily supplied renewable energy sources that do not pollute environment are used in different ways in buildings. Parallel to these developments there are some solar houses in Turkey implemented by universities and related organizations. However, it is required to increase the number such applications, and supply the widespread use of solar energy in buildings. In this proceeding, usage of solar energy in buildings in the context of sustainability and solar houses in Turkey designed for utilising solar energy will be evaluated, and some suggestions will be made about efficient use of solar energy in buildings. Key Words: Sustainable building design, energy efficient building design, renewable energy resources, usage of solar energy in buildings, solar houses

Objectives : The world is getting more polluted day by day and living conditions are getting harder and harder. The Covid 19 process explains this situation even better. Global warming will show its effect more heavily if measures are not taken. There is a close relationship between global warming and the type and method of energy used. The use of fossil fuels by people pollutes the environment too much, and the use of alternative energy sources is gaining importance instead. Here, the issue of use and management of renewable energy sources comes to the fore. Turkey is a country with rich renewable energy resources and experience in cooperatives. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the current situation and problems of renewable energy cooperatives, which can be a model for managing Turkey’s renewable energy resources.Methods : In the study, a literature review method was used by examining domestic and foreign resources related to renewable energy and renewable energy cooperatives. Some of the data obtained were arranged in tables and used in the study.Results and Discussion : It is very important for Turkey to develop renewable energy resources and increase the share of renewable energy resources among other resources. Because Turkey is a developing country and its population is increasing day by day. It is essential to use renewable energy for the energy need of the increasing population and the least environmental pollution. Within the scope of 2023 targets in Turkey, it is planned to produce 34 thousand MW of hydroelectric, 20 thousand MW of wind energy, solar energy, 5 thousand MW, 1,000 MW of geothermal energy and 1,000 MW of geothermal energy and biomass energy. In order to achieve this goal, it is planned to invest approximately 60 billion dollars in renewable energy sources. Cooperatives are one of the most effective ways in which Turkey can use its renewable energy resources. Because cooperative is a method known to the Turkish society and it would be beneficial to transfer it to the renewable energy field.Conclusion Turkey is a developing country and its energy needs are increasing day by day. It is very important to use the renewable energy resources it has correctly and in a planned way. In this respect, it should be understood that renewable energy cooperatives are quite compatible with Turkey. Turkey should provide the necessary legal and administrative structure for the development of renewable energy cooperatives and develop it with financial support in order to make its increasing energy needs sustainable.