Hydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey

This paper investigates the exergy and energy rationality of a near-future, two-step hydrogen production system in the Black Sea on a custom-built hydrogen ship with 100% onboard wind, wave, and solar energy system. In the first step of this concept, hydrogen will be produced from the low-salinity seawater by electrolysis utilizing the onboard renewable energy. Part of the hydrogen produced will be used in the second step, which is the major production step, claiming the H2S gas, which is exceptionally rich in the seawater. The hydrogen and sulfur products will be shipped by hydrogen-powered shuttle ships to the nearby city of Sinop to blend hydrogen with the natural gas (NG) to form a hydrogen city. Thus this project presents a novel coupling of the land-side and the sea-side operations with renewable energy and hydrogen in an exergy-based minimum CO2 emissions responsibilities. This on-board H2S exploration concept for hydrogen and sulfur production is compared with the current NG explorations in the Black Sea and the use of NG on the landside. A detailed comparison of the total carbon footprint shows that NG explorations in the Black Sea will be responsible for direct and indirect-nearly avoidable (due to exergy destructions) CO2 emissions, while the ever-increasing H2S threat faced by all Black Sea countries will remain at an increasing rate. A new exergy-based optimum H2S claim depth calculation and control algorithm for onboard operations have also been developed and designed, which shows that economy-based optimization—if ever exists—will be responsible for nearly avoidable CO2 emissions, while the on-board hydrogen production and utilization on the land side have a minimal environmental footprint. None of the earlier studies available in the literature concerning the exact harmful effects of hydrocarbons address exergy rationality. Renewable energy systems like wind turbines and solar energy systems, along with other renewable and waste energy systems like geothermal and wave energy are mostly treated individually, which are not free from large exergy destructions. Therefore, future energy plans with environmental concerns must be carried out from the source to the very last point of demand sectors. This is the specific attribute of this research. Novelty Statement None of the studies about the exact harmful effects of hydrocarbons involve exergy rationality and the consequences of this ignorance on the environment and overall energy budget and economy. Renewable energy systems like wind turbines and solar energy systems, along with other renewable and waste energy systems like geothermal and wave energy are mostly treated individually, which are not free from exergy destructions. For example, a solar photovoltaic (PV) plant generates power but releases heat back without claiming it. This unclaimed heat represents about 50% of the unit exergy of the available solar energy and leads to exergy destruction that is responsible for nearly avoidable CO2 emissions because destroyed thermal exergy has to be offset by spending additional fuel in another system, which most likely is using fossil fuels in a boiler. The term nearly precedes the word avoidable, because exergy destructions may not be completely avoided. Even solar and wind energy systems have exergy destruction components during their operation. Yet, a solar PV and heat system would be a much better choice from the exergy rationality point of view. Although the ongoing increase in the renewable shares in the energy stock, it is essential to follow where the power is used in the built environment. For example, according to Global Wind Energy Council, within the next 10 years 234 GW, within the next 30 years 1400 GW offshore wind power capacity is expected to be installed. However, these installations will never know where this electricity and how this electricity is used in an energy/exergy balance and rationality when coupled to the landside through national and international grids. Therefore, future energy plans with environmental concerns must be carried out from the source to the very last point of demand sectors. Whether off-shore or land-based, wind turbines just generate electric power without asking where the electricity goes and how rational it is used in the built environment. There is no control over the best way of utilizing this wind energy. Instead, hydrogen production with renewables and utilization in next-generation fuel cells produces power and heat (pending on heat distribution tariffs for the fifth-generation district energy systems and LowEx applications, the temperature is the best fit for LowEx applications). The interrupted and unpredictable characteristics of renewables are offset by hydrogen storage.

Estimation of hydrogen production potential from renewable resources in northern Peru

Sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wave energy can take the place of fossil fuels. They replenish organically and aid in the fight against climate change. Solar energy harvests the sun's energy using photovoltaic panels or concentrated solar power plants. Wind energy converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity by using turbines. Hydropower uses water that is either flowing or falling to generate electricity. You may generate energy from organic material using biomass. Geothermal energy harnesses the heat of the Earth to produce heat or electricity. Utilising the strength of tides and ocean waves to produce electricity is known as tidal and wave energy. These tools aid in the development of a cleaner, greener future by lowering emissions and enhancing air quality. Our energy mix needs to be more diverse in order to lessen our dependency on fossil fuels, and renewable energy sources are essential for this. Solar power is widely available and can be used in rooftop installations or massive solar farms. Building wind farms in windy areas has significantly increased the use of wind energy. An established technology called hydropower uses water sources to make electricity, whereas biomass uses organic waste to produce both heat and power. Geothermal energy uses the Earth's interior heat as a source of power, making it dependable and continuous. With the ability to harness the energy of the ocean to produce electricity, tidal and wave energy offer tremendous promise. Adopting renewable energy sources contributes to the development of a resilient and sustainable energy system for a cleaner and better future. Hydropower is a well-known technique that uses water to generate electricity, whereas biomass uses organic waste to generate both heat and power. Geothermal energy is dependable and continuous because it harnesses the heat from deep inside the Earth. Tidal and wave energy hold great potential since they can use ocean energy to generate electricity. Utilising renewable energy sources helps build a robust and sustainable energy system for a better and cleaner future.Due to our reliance on diminishing fossil fuel reserves, we are susceptible to price swings and geopolitical unrest. By varying our energy mix and lowering our dependency on foreign fuels, research into renewable energy sources fosters greater energy independence and thereby supports energy security. Environmental Protection: The exploitation and burning of fossil fuels have negative consequences on ecosystems, causing pollution of the air and water, the destruction of habitats, and the extinction of species. We can reduce environmental damage and safeguard natural resources by investigating and implementing renewable energy sources. The renewable energy industry has the ability to stimulate economic growth and employment creation. Research in this area paves the way for the creation of cutting-edge technology, lowers costs, and boosts productivity, making renewable energy more competitive with fossil fuels and economically viable. Energy Access in Developing Regions: Many areas, particularly in developing nations, do not have consistent access to energy. Researching renewable energy sources, especially decentralised ones like solar energy, can produce clean and economical energy solutions, enhancing socioeconomic development and quality of life.Technological Advancements: Ongoing research into renewable energy has made it possible to make strides in energy storage, solar panel efficiency, and wind turbine design. These developments improve the overall efficiency and dependability of renewable energy systems, increasing their viability and efficiency. Research offers insightful analysis into the policy and regulatory frameworks required to facilitate the integration of renewable energy into current power systems. It aids in identifying obstacles, evaluating the results of the deployment of renewable energy, and creating efficient policies to encourage the use of renewable energy. Conduct resource assessments to determine a region's potential for renewable energy. Decide on the appropriate renewable energy technology based on the needs of the location and the available resources. Utilise the technical, environmental, and economic factors to analyse the viability. Consider the system's size, capacity, and necessary infrastructure when designing it. It is necessary to buy and install the necessary infrastructure and machinery for the renewable energy system. Integrate the system into the existing electrical grid to ensure that it is compatible and compliant. Establish operational, maintenance, and performance-enhancing routines. Follow up on problems with and inefficiencies in the system. Continue your research and development efforts to advance technologies. Work with research organisations and stakeholders to advance the production of renewable energy.

Sirte is a Mediterranean coastal city located on the north of Libya with a population of 70,000. Due to the availability of wind energy, it is significant that this abundance of wind energy should be utilized to generally reduce the dependence on fossil fuels in daily use and gradually transition to clean and green energy in order to minimize environmental pollution and reduce life-threatening risks as a result. Moreover, green hydrogen production and storage utilizing wind turbines marks a significant stride in renewable energy technologies, providing a sustainable substitute for fossil fuels, as well as greatly contributing to improving the country’s economy and creating employment opportunities for new and recently graduated students. Recently, the commercial production and storage of green hydrogen using renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, geothermal energy, and wind turbines, has emerged as a promising solution worldwide. These energy sources, especially wind turbines as green energy, have gained significant acceptance and are extensively utilized in some industrialized countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, and others. The objective of this paper is to theoretically provide a comprehensive feasibility study of the required methodologies and technologies employed in potential green hydrogen production and storage using sustainable energy, with a particular focus on their applicability to wind energy systems in Sirte, Libya. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the initial wind turbine farm’s design based on the actual average wind speed in Sirte, as recorded by both the Global Wind Atlas and the local meteorological station. This design estimates the rated energy extracted from the kinetic wind energy and illustrates the amount of energy physically generated and eventually utilized to produce green hydrogen.

Energy derived from fossil fuels contributes significantly to global climate change, accounting for more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and approximately 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions. Alternative energy from renewable sources must be utilized to decarbonize the energy sector. However, the adverse effects of climate change, such as increasing temperatures, extreme winds, rising sea levels, and decreased precipitation, may impact renewable energies. Here we review renewable energies with a focus on costs, the impact of climate on renewable energies, the impact of renewable energies on the environment, economy, and on decarbonization in different countries. We focus on solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, and geothermal energy. We observe that the price of solar photovoltaic energy has declined from $0.417 in 2010 to $0.048/kilowatt-hour in 2021. Similarly, prices have declined by 68% for onshore wind, 60% for offshore wind, 68% for concentrated solar power, and 14% for biomass energy. Wind energy and hydropower production could decrease by as much as 40% in some regions due to climate change, whereas solar energy appears the least impacted energy source. Climate change can also modify biomass productivity, growth, chemical composition, and soil microbial communities. Hydroelectric power plants are the most damaging to the environment; and solar photovoltaics must be carefully installed to reduce their impact. Wind turbines and biomass power plants have a minimal environmental impact; therefore, they should be implemented extensively. Renewable energy sources could decarbonize 90% of the electricity industry by 2050, drastically reducing carbon emissions, and contributing to climate change mitigation. By establishing the zero carbon emission decarbonization concept, the future of renewable energy is promising, with the potential to replace fossil fuel-derived energy and limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C by 2050.

This study investigates the potential for renewable energy-based electricity generation using existing wave, wind, and solar energies in Türkiye. A significant part of Türkiye’s energy needs is still met using fossil fuels. Considering the country’s resources, renewable energy sources appear as an alternative source to meet these needs. The objective of this study is to find an effective, efficient, economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable way to produce electricity to reach net-zero targets and transition towards low-carbon and carbon-free energy systems. To be able to make a deep investigation about the relevant issue, six provinces from different regions of Türkiye (Antalya, Çanakkale, İstanbul, İzmir, Kırklareli, and Muğla) are assessed in terms of wave, wind, and solar energy potential, including wave data, wind speeds, sunshine duration, and global radiation values. Wind, wave, and solar energy data of the selected regions were taken from the ERA5 database, which is the weather forecast model of the European Center for Medium-Term Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Türkiye and the General Directorate of Meteorology. Calculations were made using monthly data for the last 5 years. Considering the coastal lengths in the determined regions, the annual total electrical power produced from wave, solar, and wind energies was calculated. In these calculations, the coastal length parameter was assumed to be uniform across all cities, and the electrical power potential from these energy sources was analyzed. Within the framework of these analyses, the number of houses in the selected regions whose electricity needs can be met was calculated. As a result, the potential electrical power and the amount of affordable housing units in the selected regions were compared. As an important result of the studies, it was determined that the characteristic features of the selected regions, such as wavelength, wave height, and wind speed, were directly related to the applicable coast length. The power obtained from wave energy was higher than that from other renewable energy sources, considering the determined coast lengths. Wave energy was followed by parabolic solar collector, wind, and photovoltaic solar energy systems. According to the model, the power obtained from renewable energy systems was at the highest level in the Kırklareli/Demirköy province compared to other locations. Kırklareli was followed by İstanbul, Antalya, İzmir, Muğla, and Çanakkale. It was also found that the electricity needs of 763,578 houses were met in the Kırklareli/Demirköy region, and the electricity needs of 470,590 houses were met in the Çanakkale/Ayvacık region. The statistically optimized factors using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for wind, photovoltaic, parabolic solar collector, and wave power were reported as 995.278, 4529.743, 2264.546, and 276,495.09, respectively. The optimal factors aim to achieve a total electricity generation rate of 2.491 × 109 (kWh/year), a total number of houses of 682,590.55 (number/year), and a total cost of USD 813,940,876. In line with the results obtained, the Kırklareli/Demirköy region becomes favorable when considering wave and wave-integrated wind and solar energies. The proposed system has the potential to meet the entire electricity demand of the Kırklareli province based on data from the Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA).

Ammonia production is a highly energy-intensive process, traditionally dependent on hydrogen derived from fossil fuels, particularly natural gas. Hydrogen is primarily produced through steam methane reforming, a process that releases large amounts of CO2. Transitioning to green hydrogen, generated by water electrolysis using renewable energy, offers an opportunity to reduce the carbon footprint of ammonia production. Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers provide an efficient way to produce green hydrogen due to their ability to handle variable energy inputs from renewable sources like wind and solar energy. Wind-powered electrolyzers utilize a clean, renewable energy source, further contributing to reducing CO2 emissions. However, the variable nature of wind energy presents challenges in ensuring a consistent hydrogen production, which is critical for the ammonia synthesis process. The model developed in this study integrates weather data with electrolyzer operations, enabling accurate predictions of hydrogen production under varying weather conditions. The model retrieves hourly weather data and uses DWSIM software to simulate the performance of the proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, allowing for a detailed analysis of hydrogen production when powered by fluctuating wind energy source.

– Amidst intensifying concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, the imperative to transition towards sustainable energy solutions is paramount. Renewable energy sources (RES) provide a promising avenue, especially in hydrogen production. In this context, the emergence of “green hydrogen” is pivotal. Green hydrogen is a concept produced using RES like solar and wind energy to power the hydrogen production process. Unlike conventional methods emitting carbon dioxide, green hydrogen is generated through water electrolysis using clean energy. India relies on coal for around 70% of its energy needs, leading to a 29% rise in carbon emissions from 2015 to 2022. Green hydrogen is a potential alternative solution to address the increasing energy demand and the depletion of fossil fuels. Using wind energy for water electrolysis emerges as a suitable method for green hydrogen production. Therefore, in the present study, assessed the potential of hydrogen production using the wind energy resources in five selected locations in India using ERA5 hourly wind data. The investigation further explored the characteristics of wind speeds at these locations using average wind speed, Weibull parameters and wind rose analysis. Using the SUZLON S95 wind turbine, power output and annual energy generation at each location were estimated. Further, estimated the annual hydrogen production and required storage capacity at each location. The results showed a power generation of 891 kW in location Una and 895 kW in Mandvi. Finally, the amount of carbon emissions mitigated due to the use of wind energy sources instead of conventional sources for H2 production is calculated.

Renewable energy technologies have become an increasingly important component of the global energy supply. In recent years, photovoltaic and wind energy have been the fastest-growing renewable sources. Although oceans present harsh environments, their estimated energy generation potential is among the highest. Ocean-based solutions are gaining significant momentum, driven by the advancement of offshore wind, floating solar, tidal, and wave energy, among others. The integration of various marine energy sources with green hydrogen production can facilitate the exploitation and transportation of renewable energy. This paper presents a mathematics-driven analysis for the simulation of a technical model designed as a generic framework applicable to any location worldwide and developed to analyze the integration of solar energy generation and green hydrogen production. It evaluates the impact of key factors such as solar irradiance, atmospheric conditions, water surface flatness, as well as the parameters of photovoltaic panels, electrolyzers, and adiabatic compressors, on both energy generation and hydrogen production capacity. The proposed mathematics-based framework serves as an innovative tool for conducting multivariable parametric analyses, selecting optimal design configurations based on specific solar energy and/or hydrogen production requirements, and performing a range of additional assessments including, but not limited to, risk evaluations, cause–effect analyses, and/or degradation studies. Enhancing the efficiency of solar energy generation and hydrogen production processes can reduce the required photovoltaic surface area, thereby simplifying structural and anchoring requirements and lowering associated costs. Simpler, more reliable, and cost-effective designs will foster the expansion of floating solar energy and green hydrogen production in marine environments.

A review of water electrolysis for green hydrogen generation considering PV/wind/hybrid/hydropower/geothermal/tidal and wave/biogas energy systems, economic analysis, and its application

India is a country with a rapidly growing demand for energy. Currently, most of the country's energy demand is met by fossil fuels which are hindering our environment by contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Green hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is clean and free from the pollution which can reduce our country's dependency on fossil fuels. Building a green hydrogen community in India can help the country to transit into sustainable development and achieve net zero emissions. Our review shows that green hydrogen can be produced in India according to the geography of the different regions rich in renewable energy resources such as solar and wind power. Many states in India have high solar energy prospectus, high wind speeds and existing infrastructure and supply chain logistics that can be used for the production and distribution of green hydrogen. States such as Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have been identified by the Indian government as "renewable energy clusters" and aim to support the development of green hydrogen projects. Additionally, the Indian coastal area's seawater can be used as a water source for electrolysis. These coasts are windy and suitable for wind power generation and have access to excellent ports and transport infrastructure to transport green hydrogen. Overall, India has unlimited potential for green hydrogen production due to its abundant renewable energy sources and favourable geographical conditions. India can use this potential to become a major player in the green hydrogen market with the right political and regulatory framework.

India is a country with a rapidly growing demand for energy. Currently, most of the country's energy demand is met by fossil fuels which are hindering our environment by contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Green hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is clean and free from the pollution which can reduce our country's dependency on fossil fuels. Building a green hydrogen community in India can help the country to transit into sustainable development and achieve net zero emissions. Our review shows that green hydrogen can be produced in India according to the geography of the different regions rich in renewable energy resources such as solar and wind power. Many states in India have high solar energy prospectus, high wind speeds and existing infrastructure and supply chain logistics that can be used for the production and distribution of green hydrogen. States such as Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have been identified by the Indian government as "renewable energy clusters" and aim to support the development of green hydrogen projects. Additionally, the Indian coastal area's seawater can be used as a water source for electrolysis. These coasts are windy and suitable for wind power generation and have access to excellent ports and transport infrastructure to transport green hydrogen. Overall, India has unlimited potential for green hydrogen production due to its abundant renewable energy sources and favourable geographical conditions. India can use this potential to become a major player in the green hydrogen market with the right political and regulatory framework.

Sustainable marina concept with green hydrogen utilization: A case study

This research provides an overview of Iraq's renewable energy prospects. One of the most important sorts of renewable energy resources in the world is wind energy. Wind energy is considered environmentally beneficial and very economical. These benefits are cited as the primary reasons for using wind turbines to generate power across the world. An assessment of the country's profile has been made, taking into consideration existing energy generation, crude oil production at current levels, gas flares that generate CO2 emissions, as well as industry, human activities, and grid electricity distribution. Iraq has power shortages, and several obstacles must be solved in order to satisfy projected increases in electrical demand. This analysis discovered that solar, wind, and biomass energy are now underutilized, but that they might play a key part in Iraq's sustainable energy future. Wind energy, for example, has become an important aspect in reducing pollution and improving air quality. The usage of tiny wind turbines to generate power under Iraqi meteorological conditions is examined in this study. The research evaluates the wind system that is necessary to provide electric power for highway services including lighting and parking. According to the study's findings, wind turbines can be used effectively for roadway illumination. The efficiency of a maximum wind turbine is determined by the blade design. For the planned use, the wind speed reported in Iraqi winter is pretty acceptable. Alternative and sustainable energy, wind energy, Iraqi climate are all index terms. The Iraqi government recently joined the Paris Climate Agreement and is now starting to encourage the participation of small and large consumers to generate electricity from renewable energy sources. This article analyzes the hybrid electrical system of solar and wind energy for the city of Dohuk, the northern part of Iraq, to find out the feasibility of this system compared to the local electrical network. First, access to solar and wind energy resources in Dohuk were ensured.

Fueling Costa Rica’s green hydrogen future: A financial roadmap for global leadership