On reimagining social democracy

The strategic foundations of ensuring a security-oriented international space, including its economic, informational and ecological dimensions are investigated in the article. It was determined that one of the key aspects of ensuring a security-oriented international space is the development and implementation of national strategies for security-oriented development. It has been proven that the synthesis of economic, information and ecological security in the form of a single ecological-informational-economic security becomes an important condition for achieving sustainable development. The main indicators of measuring the security environment by the components of economic, information and ecological security are proposed. The main principles on which the approaches to the formation of ecological, informational and economic security are based are substantiated. The article focuses considerable attention on the mechanism of formation the modern dimensions of ecological, informational, and economic security at the global, national, and regional levels. The main dimensions of ecological, informational and economic security corresponding to the modern paradigm of security-oriented international space are considered.

This paper empirically examines the on political, civil and economic that, a country can have a high degree of civil freedom, and a high degree of economic without any political freedom, but can not have any political if it does not have some degree of civil and economic freedom. Using panel data of five SAARC countries over the period 1995-2011, the dynamic panel data econometric techniques and Granger-causality tests validated the regarding economic and political freedom, but regarding civil and political the reverse is found true. estimates of the empirical model using UECM show that economic has significant short-run and long-run effects in improving the political in the SAARC region.Keywords: Political Freedom, Civil Freedom, Economic Freedom, Dynamic Panel DataJEL classification: F49, O5, P5(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. INTRODUCTIONThe world has experienced unprecedented democratic wave during the last four decades that Samuel Huntington (1993) called the Third Wave of democratization. revolution of that began in the 1970s was amplified by the collapse of Communism in the 1990s and the widespread acceptance of the economic policies of the Washington consensus. This boom reversed the earlier trend toward state intervention and socialism, which began to take hold at the beginning of the twentieth century (Rosa and Vanssy, 1995). boom has been observed in political democracy and freedom, and civil and economic which have been accompanied by a movement towards competitive markets, liberalization, and the globalization of previously closed economies. This as Milton called The Tide Is Turning.1Milton in his famous book Capitalism and Freedom (1962) made one of the most influential arguments for economic liberalism at a time when the ideas of liberals (in the traditional sense) were distinctly unfashionable. world-wide shift from autocracy toward civil and economic and democratization has led to substantial research on the interrelationship between various freedoms. In Capitalism and Freedom, sought to establish an argument about the interconnectedness of economic and political freedom, known as liberal hypothesis or Friedman hypothesis which asserts that economic is an indispensable means towards achievement of political freedom. According to (1962, p. 10) History suggests only that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom. Clearly it is not a sufficient condition.With the development of the relationship between economic and political freedom, a third category of has been added to the mix in the subsequent years, namely social or civil freedom. himself has argued for the need of such addition in a number of lectures.2 He said, I've grown increasingly to think that we need to make three classifications (of freedom) instead of two: economic freedom; social or civil freedom; and political freedom. ... You can have a high degree of social freedom, and a high degree of economic without any political freedom. What's not clear is whether you can have any political if you don't have some degree of the other freedom (2002, p. 17). This is the new version of the Hypothesis.This paper aims to offer evidence concerning the direction of the trichotomic causation between measures of economic, civil and political freedom, and examines whether Freidman's New Hypothesis holds in case of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC), using panel data set of five SAARC member countries over 1995-2011 period. South Asia, a region of about 23 percent of global population having only 2 percent of global income, finds itself in the midst of significant economic, political and social transformation since the early 1990s. …

The relationships between political and economic freedom is a theoretical and practical proposition with contemporary significance. As a social public activity with the core of allocating limited resources through authority mechanism, politics will inevitably form a certain force, norm and restriction on individual members in society. For the individual members which is the basic composition unit of politics, the core content of individual freedom appeals is to protect the individual free space from the improper infringement of governments. As the corresponding existence of political authority and the important connotation of individual freedom, there exists a close relationship between the economic freedom, political system and policy action. Since 1950s, the development of behaviourism and the scientific of political research provide methodological support for seeking cause and effect relation between political and economic freedom from the angle of empirical research. This article reviews the recent advances in the empirical research on the relationship between political and economic freedom from four aspects, including economic freedom and political freedom, economic freedom and political democratization, economic freedom and political corruption, economic freedom and political stability. The existing empirical researches have drawn correlation conclusions on the two variables, but cannot rule out the influences of other variables and the interaction of other factors, and thus fail to provide sufficient evidences to determine the causal relationship between the two variables. On a deeper level, such failures can be attributed to that the politic and freedom are both extremely complex social practices and value selection processes, which involves institutional arrangements, policy orientation, and more controversial ideological issues, and should be examined and reflected in a broader theoretical field and practical choices.

The article considers specificity of determination of national threats as prerequisites for formation of an integrated system of economic security at the national level. It is noted that the integrated system of economic security is a complex structure that includes various components that cover the main spheres of functioning of the national economy. It is defined that the growing complexity of the global geopolitical and economic environment increases the need to create an effective system for managing the country’s economic security. It is noted that the main advantage of the integrated system of economic security of the State is the possibility of its full consideration of fluctuations of the global economic system through careful analysis and monitoring of economic tendencies, changes in world trade or financial markets, and other key global factors. This becomes of particular importance in the view of the State adapting in a timely manner to changes in the global economic environment while ensuring its economic stability and security. The role of determination of national threats in formation of an integrated system of economic security is analyzed. The key factors influencing the economic security of the country, such as geopolitical location, natural resources, technological development, demographic situation, level of corruption, etc., are examined. It is found that the determination of national threats allows to identify the potential risks and vulnerabilities of the national economy. The principles of formation of strategic approaches and policy of ensuring economic security at the national level have been proposed. The peculiarities of introduction of integrated systems of economic security on the basis of determination of national threats are considered. The importance of studying national threats for the formation of an effective system of economic security is proved. The application of the analysis of determination of national threats for the development of strategies for ensuring stability and development of the national economy has been proposed.

The article allocates the previously unresolved parts of the general problem regarding the development of the investment attractiveness of enterprises in the context of its economic security and finds that in connection with the implementation of the goals of sustainable development, which requires additional costs, the the entrepreneur’s profit decreases, which contradicts his interests. The aim of the article is to establish regularities of development of investment attractiveness of enterprises in the context of its economic security. In this study, the authors proceeded from the assumption that the nature of investment processes is consistent with the goals of sustainable development. The main obstacle to studying the issue of investment attractiveness in the context of economic security is that it is impossible to consider only economic factors without also taking into account ecological and social factors that affect development. It is found that «economic security» is a relatively new category of economics which entered scientific circulation only in the first half of the 20th century and which influence at the national level came to consideration in the 1970s. Despite this, even at the beginning of the new millennium, «economic security» failed to become an independent discipline. It is substantiated that the investment value of a corporation can be considered in combination with its financial capacity, development potential, economic and information security, etc., as well as a complex of various factors, the list and weight of which may change along with the investor’s goals. Convincing investors is crucial for the survival and growth of an enterprise, as a stable, investment-oriented business will have a higher degree of success. As a result, it will have a longer period of economic stability, encouraging investors to make a positive decision on long-term investments.

Welfare in the Future -

Call to action for equitable access to human milk for vulnerable infants

The study describes the concept of "economic security policy" in Ukraine. Relevance is determined by the need for the economic security of the state, which is determined by objective processes and phenomena that occur both in the national economy and society, and in the world space. The purpose is to determine the problem of economic security, which is key to the existence of the state. In the main results, the essence of economic security is defined as the readiness of state institutions to ensure the national interests of the state and create mechanisms for the protection of the national economy, to ensure the ability of society to maintain and renew reproductive processes and socio-political stability. The conclusion states that economic security turned out to be not only one of the most important components of the comprehensive system of national security, but also the basis for observing and realizing national interests. Among the main threats to economic and national security in politically and economically Ukraine, the author includes socio-political conflicts, the presence of a large number of people with dissatisfied and aggressive ideas, military conflicts, a high level of migration of refugees and displaced persons, the deterioration of the ecological situation, the growth of anthropogenic accidents, corruption, a high level of shadowing, in particular, a high level of corruption, the growth of unemployment and dependence on international creditors, as well as establishing high indicators of shadowing, in particular, a high level of unemployment, dependence on international creditors. In the conditions of increasing external threats, the transformation of Ukraine's state policy in the field of economic security should be aimed at eliminating signs of incapacity and forming Ukraine as a strong, innovative and independent state by implementing effective regulatory mechanisms to create a safe economic environment.

The study determines that Ukraine's national interests are in the sustainable development of the national economy, integration into the European economic area, the development of equal and mutually beneficial economic cooperation with other states. It is highlighted that an important place in the security sector is occupied by challenges related to russia's armed aggression. The content of such a category as "economic security" is analysed and existing approaches to its definition are considered. It is proposed that the essence of economic security can be presented as a state of security of self-sufficient development of the country, which guarantees sustainable growth of economic indicators, effective satisfaction of the needs of the population, protection of the interests of the state at the national and international levels through the successful implementation of financial, industrial, foreign economic, investment, innovation and macroeconomic security tasks. A systematic fragmentary analysis of the main indicators characterising the economic security of Ukraine is carried out. It is noted that the indicators of all the main components of economic security remain low, with high risks of large-scale destabilisation in the development of the economy in the long term. The author suggests factors for improving the level of economic security of Ukraine in the context of russia's military aggression and the reconstruction of Ukraine in the post-war period.

The purpose of this research paper is to highlight the importance of the interplay between trade and economic performance, along with the connections among U.S. trade in critical goods and services and its economic security. The scientific paper seeks to elucidate why U.S. trade in strategic goods and services constitutes the primary axis of analysis for its economic security and explore the historical emergence of the concept of economic security. The realm of economic security is largely shaped by the economic policies and foreign trade actions taken by a country. The paper points out that the U.S. foreign trade policy model is among the most sophisticated in the world, if not the most detailed. New findings indicate that three major trends are fundamentally shaping economic security policies - resilience, protection and competition. Strategic competition with China is a cornerstone of U.S. economic security policy. The obtained insights indicate an in-depth examination of the wide range of U.S. foreign economic policy challenges and factors essential to developing strategies for competing with China. Methods used during the research are - the analytical-synthetic method, method of generalization and concretization, method of classification and, also, the historical method and content analysis method.

Economic security is unthinkable without transport security. The transport industry provides an active exchange of goods between territories, accelerates the development of individual territories and helps to reduce the level of stratification between regions. In this regard, considering economic security as a factor of economic growth and economic development requires paying attention to ensuring economic security in the field of transport. At the same time, a large number of problems remain in the field of economic security of transport today, due to the fact that transport is very much dependent on the state of the economic conjuncture, and therefore the transport industry remains extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in the economic cycle. This article suggests approaches to strengthening state regulation of economic security management in the field of transport at the national level. In particular, it is advisable to focus efforts on the development of the transport industry not only on technological aspects, but also to establish justified criteria for the economic security of transport, which would contribute to ensuring reasonable management of the process of development of the transport industry. A key technique to accelerate the transition to managed economic security in transport should be the adoption of a strategy for economic security of transport.

The article systematises scientific approaches to the definition of «security». The author emphasises the lack of a unified approach to understanding the content of the concept of «economic security of the state» and outlines the main scientific views on its interpretation. The peculiarities of the legislative use of the category «economic security» are analysed. The main characteristics and functional significance of the economic security of the state are outlined, and its fundamental role as a material basis for determining the real possibilities of ensuring other types of security is emphasised. It is noted that economic security is a multi-level system, covering not only the national level but also integrating regional and local components. A number of approaches to determining the levels of the hierarchy of the main types of economic security are presented, and it is suggested that the economic security of a territorial community should be considered as a separate level. It is proved that the state's economic security begins with ensuring the economic security of the territorial communities. The study has established that the state's economic security system is a complex set of interrelated elements, where each territorial community acts as a basic structural unit on the basis of which conditions are created to ensure the stable functioning of the national economy. It is emphasised that ensuring the economic security of a territorial community differs significantly from similar processes at the level of the state, region, or individual enterprise. The purpose and functions of territorial communities are clarified. It emphasises that an important prerequisite for ensuring the vital activity of a given territorial community and the effective performance of its functions is to ensure an adequate level of economic security. It is emphasised that an important prerequisite for ensuring the vital activity of a given territorial community and the effective performance of its functions is to ensure an adequate level of economic security. The key characteristics of economic security at the local level are highlighted. Threats are outlined and a territorial community's economic security principles are defined. A personal approach to the definition of the concept of «economic security of a territorial community» is proposed.

The term “energy security” is used almost everywhere in economic and political discussions related to energy supply. However, different authors use different meanings to express the concept of energy security. Quite often, this term is used to give more importance or relevance to issues that are often not inherently related to energy security. Attempts to define the essence of the concept of “energy security” have hitherto not been systematic and are characterized by a variety of approaches, and some insufficient justification especially in the aspect of state national security is notable. Our contribution to the discourse development is the consideration of energy security as part of internationally recognized indices that are developed to assess the temperature of world security. A regression modeling approach to test the crucial factors of social-economic development that impact the energy security indicators is presented. The literature analysis and review of the world’s existing national security indices show that the link between energy security and national security is in fact hardly considered. Mostly, energy security is considered in the dichotomy concerning economic security at the international, as well as national levels. The calculative regression modeling revealed that the significant correlation of economic and energy security is just for the U.S.A., the rest of the analyzed countires display the weak or non-significant correlations of the indices of economic/energy/security threats. That pushes the discussion on whether energy security is indeed so impactful a factor for geo-policy and geo-economy, or whether it is mostly the well-rolled media-supported megatrend. However, the present study notes a great shortage of long-term cross-state indices to reflect energy, economic, and national security to allow for valuable modeling.

Urgency of the research. One of the most urgent topics for the development of a modern economy is the provision of security at various levels. In the conditions of instability of socio-economic development, political system, military con-flicts and activization of the terrorism threat the issue of the formation of effective mechanisms of state regulation of the security of economic systems are of particular relevance. Target setting. The instability of the environment, the problems of financial and economic security, the social unrest, the problems of terrorist threat, hybrid and local military con-flicts significantly reduce the potential for tourism development. Consequently, it is advisable to determine the possibili-ties of ensuring the safety of tourists with the mechanisms of state regulation in order to ensure the preconditions for the development of the world tourism industry. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The main source of static information for analyzing problems and prospects for tourism development is the World Tourism Organization [1]. The main legal document which regulates tour-ism activity in Ukraine is the Law of Ukraine "About Tourism" [2]. The analysis of literature is presented in works [3-10]. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The issue of building an effective state policy at the global and national levels, aimed at the safety of tourists and the development of the tourist industry in an unstable and constantly changing environment hasn’t been decided. The research objective. The purpose of the research is to form the effective mechanisms of security system for tourists, which will contribute to the development of the tourism industry on the global level. The statement of basic materials. The problem of ana-lyzing the impact of the safety factor on the development of tourism is researched. Possible ways of providing an effective system of tourism security of the tourism industry through the implementation of global mechanisms of the state policy of tourism development are analyzed. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the relevance of the topic of tourist safety is identified as one of the main ele-ments for increasing the level of development and realization of tourism potential.

The article substantiates the growing role of economic security at all levels of management. It is proved that each of the levels of government: macro-, meso- and micro-level, must have their own tools in achieving the goals of forming and ensuring economic security. It is established that the most common interpretation of economic security at the macro level is to define it as a state of the economy in which a sufficiently high and stable economic growth is ensured; effective satisfaction of economic needs; state control over the movement and use of national resources; protection of the country's economic interests at the national and international levels. Economic security at the micro level is seen as a result of integration of different types and activities of the organization on the basis of a balanced combination of organizational, economic, social and other factors, which protects the economic interests of all stakeholders and creates conditions for further organizational growth, business growth, quality improvement, life of employees, ensuring the sustainability of the organization and its preservation as a whole. Based on the above definitions of the essence of economic security of its components, subjects and objects, key functionality at the macro and macro levels, a model of interaction of macro and micro levels of economic security is developed, which provides a symbiosis of organizational and economic mechanisms and economic security management systems, enterprises and at the level of the region, the state. The proposed model provides for the interaction of the subjects of information security management system at the enterprise level (top management of the enterprise, special management bodies and personnel of the enterprise) through the implementation of functions, implementation of principles, use of methods, forms and tools of economic security management. definition of methods and methods of its assessment, as well as at the state level – governing bodies of the legislative and executive branches of government and other specialized entities through the implementation of functions of organization, regulation and control of economic security at the national level.