Foreword: A debate on the future of economic policy

Call to action for equitable access to human milk for vulnerable infants

Why are some advocacy group populations biased towards business interest representatives? In this paper, we assess an underexplored source of variation in advocacy populations, namely the governance level at which advocacy populations are located. More precisely, we analyse whether national advocacy group populations are more likely to contain relatively large proportions of business interest associations compared to transnational advocacy group populations. We examine three competing hypotheses: (1) biases are stronger at the national level than the global level, (2) biases are more pronounced at the global level than the national level and (3) no differences emerge in business mobilization across the national and transnational levels. We test our hypotheses based on a novel dataset of national, European Union (EU) and global advocacy group populations. Our results indicate that the global level is different from the EU and national levels, in that it contains relatively low proportions of business interest representatives.

Prévision des prix et étude sectorielle des entreprises pendant la préparation du Ve Plan

In the more than 25 years since the advent of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic the commitment of international agencies national governments the private sector people living with HIV/AIDS and donors have contributed to dramatic changes in the global response. Trends in HIV prevalence have stabilized in some developing countries greater coverage of key prevention interventions such as the prevention of mother-to-child transmission have at times been achieved and access to treatment has increased fivefold between 2003 and 2006. In addition to increased prevention and treatment provision successful strides have also occurred in the mobilization of global financial resources for HIV/AIDS. According to estimates of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) global HIV/ AIDS spending rose from approximately US $300 million in 1996 to approximately US$10 billion in 2007 a more than 30-fold increase. The impact of HIV/AIDS has however increased as the epidemic matures and with new infections estimated at 2.5 million per year expanded prevention efforts are still sorely needed. Even with the unprecedented level of funding now available an additional US$8.1 billion is still required if universal access to prevention treatment and care is to be provided to all those infected with HIV. Questions have thus shifted towards how to combine or maximize outcomes from HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention strategies efficiently. To this end the papers in this supplement explore the question: how do we best utilize the increased funding available? (excerpt)

ObjectivesCarbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most frequent causes of fatal poisoning worldwide. Few studies have explored the mortality trends of CO poisoning grouped by age and gender,...

The paper shows the main causes, manifestations and particularities of the intensive globalization started in the second half of the twentieth century, which has had both objective and subjective aspects. It analyzes the subjective influence on the globalization made by the neoliberal ideology and the functioning of international actors. The work has outlined the main theoretical contradictions, myths and flaws in the current economic mainstream regarding the role and functions of the state in the economy and state economic regulation. The study reveals and statistically confirmed the main negative trends, processes and phenomena at the national and global levels in the era of the globalization caused by the neoliberal concept, such as: (1) growing income and wealth inequality at the global and national levels; (2) problems with using natural resources and environment; (3) uneven development among countries; (4) the growing negative influence of transnational capital; and (5) macroeconomic instability and hypertrophied development of the financial sector (financialization), etc. The study defines the main economic policy directions in order to eliminate the negative impact of neoliberal economic thought on socio-economic development. The paper also describes and evaluated the main scenarios for the further development of views on state economic regulation among scholars and state managers. It shows that the most likely scenario is the increasing of the role of state economic regulation. On the one hand, states can form rather aggressive policies with trade wars, protectionism, military and diplomatic conflicts, isolation, localizaion, etc. On the other hand, wanting to protect the interests of their societies, states can try to build a fair and inclusive global space, which would be the most beneficial development scenario for humanity. The work identifies the main challenges for state economic regulation caused by globalization and it also shows needed transformations: (1) increasing the level of subjectivity of the state as a bearer of the national interest, (2) ensuring the institutional foundations of inclusive global development based on the principles of equality, justice and transparency, (3) neutralizing the negative impact on national socio-economic security carried out by international actors.

Disinformation may be defined as the dissemination of incorrect or false information with an intent to deceive and mislead people in all capacities including individuals, communities, and society as a whole thereby contaminating information and promoting disorder. This is done well planned and consciously to influence people, spread lies, propagate falsehood and direct people to a specific direction. Today, the word disinformation is used to explain the enormous security threat at the national or global level that emerges from contamination of information. The legitimization and normalization of a distorted truth or a lie is quite normal these days. This calls for actions to be taken by us in our social and individual lives on a personal level and also at a national level by nations. In this study, 19 bulletins published by the Presidency Directorate of Communications in the year 2024 as part of the initiative to fight against disinformation have been analyzed using content analysis and text mining techniques. The findings point to the fact that the bulletins primarily deliver messages with neutral sentiment. The predominantly used types of disinformation in these bulletins were alteration and fabrication, with the maximum prevalence of disinformation content observed in social and political issues. It can be argued that an objective and neutral approach is critical in combating disinformation, and that state institutions should be a key player in this regard. In addition, it is also found that verifications conducted employing public data are substantial tools in upholding public access to accurate information.

IntroductionAn accurate understanding of total energy intake, energy requirements for healthy body weights and the resultant imbalance is important for many aspects of dietary analysis. Despite its importance, existing estimates are highly uncertain and not well aligned with trends in body weight and malnutrition, especially at regionally comparable and global levels. We estimated energy intake, energy requirements and energy imbalances at global, regional, national and sociodemographic levels based on anthropometric measures.MethodsWe used predictive equations for estimating energy requirements derived from a comprehensive database of doubly labelled water studies, and paired them with global datasets on body weight, height and physical activity to estimate a new proxy of energy intake. We calculated energy requirements to attain healthy body weights by applying the predictive equations to a body mass index that minimises risks for weight-related diseases and is classified as normal. We calculated energy imbalances as the difference between the estimated intake and energy requirements to attain healthy body weights.ResultsOn average, 2160 kilocalories per person per day (kcal/day) were required in 2020 to sustain measured levels of body weight, height and physical activity (95% CI, 2100 to 2210 kcal/day), ranging from 1980 (95% CI, 1900 to 2060) kcal/day in low-income countries to 2360 (95% CI, 2310 to 2410) kcal/day in high-income countries. The estimated intake exceeded energy requirements to attain healthy body weights by 80 (95% CI, 70 to 100) kcal/day on average, with 192 countries (97%) having average intakes above recommendations, and 6 countries (3%) with intake below, and increasing to 14 (7%) when considering rural residences. Between 1990 and 2020, 50 countries (25%) changed from average intakes below recommendations to intakes above.ConclusionsEstimating total energy intake based on anthropometric measures captures the regional and temporal trends in body weight, height and physical activity. The estimates can be used as a complementary measure to existing proxies of energy intake. Among other things, they can inform misreporting of intake in dietary surveys, uncertainty in the amount of food wasted and the lack of data on at-home production in food availability statistics. Aligning existing measures of food intake with consistent estimates of overall energy intake could improve dietary analyses and policy planning.

The development of international trade and economic relations is a unique opportunity to strengthen the competitive advantages of the country, regions and individual enterprises, to expand their presence in world markets. Therefore, the creation of institutional conditions conducive to the expansion of international trade relations in the agricultural sector is the most important component of Ukraine's economic growth strategy. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the institutional foundations of international trade and economic relations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Results. The basic principles and the order of realization of foreign economic activity are considered and the basic elements of its institutional maintenance are defined. The architecture of the institutional environment for ensuring the development of international trade and economic relations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine is determined at the global, national and corporate levels. It is substantiated that the current global trade policy in the agricultural market is formed at the global level not only within the World Trade Organization, but also within the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and numerous international trade agreements of importing and exporting countries. It is proved that the most effective in terms of impact on the state of international trade in agricultural goods is the national level of regulation, which is the founder of tariff and non-tariff instruments. It is determined that the Joint Intergovernmental Commissions on Cooperation is an effective tool through which the state can strengthen the promotion of domestic producers in foreign markets and intensify the attraction of foreign investment in the country's economy. The main institutions at the corporate level are identified based on the analysis: Ukrainian agrarian business associations; public associations; branch professional organizations; agricultural companies and agricultural holdings, farms. Keywords: institutions, international trade relations, development of international economic relations, global level, national level, corporate level, agricultural sector.

The development of digital technologies, coupled with progress in the development of self-learning programs based on AI (Artificial Intelligence), has obvious advantages in improving the effectiveness of information impact on people around the world. During the 2010s, researchers have documented trends in the use of artificial intelligence for the construction and distribution of media content to indirectly manipulate political discourse at the national and global levels. Special interest in the context of this issue is how the rapid development of AI technologies affects political communication. The object of consideration within the framework of this article is the deepfake technology. Based on this, as a subject, the authors define deepfake as a phenomenon of modern political communication. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to describe and predict the impact of deepfake technology on political communication at the global and national levels. The paper presents the definition of deepfake, assesses its characteristics depending on the methods and purposes of its distribution, and analyzes the prospects for using this tool to influence political discourse in modern Russia. To study the subject field of the research, methods of systematizing theoretical data, classification, analysis of a set of factors and forecasting have been applied. The practical significance of the work is presented by the authors’ definition and typology of the phenomenon of deepfake and describes its significance as a factor of political communication on the example of a particular country. The results of the work will be useful for researchers studying the problems of digitalization of the media space and modern means of disinformation in politics, both at the local and global levels

Досліджено нормативно-правовий та інституційно-адміністративний механізм державного управління сталим розвитком аграрного сектору та сільських територій. Проаналізовано міжнародний досвід запровадження принципів сталого розвитку. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано алгоритм запровадження основ концепції сталого розвитку України, а саме: прийняття національної стратегії сталого розвитку “Україна – 2030”, відповідно до Глобальних цілей сталого розвитку (далі – ЦСР), прийнятих Генеральною Асамблеєю Організації Об’єднаних Націй (далі – ООН) 25 вересня 2015 р. “Перетворення нашого світу: Порядок денний сталого розвитку 2030”, який вміщує 17 Глобальних ЦСР до 2030 р.; Указу Президента України “Цілі сталого розвитку України на період до 2030 року” від 30.09.2019 р. Зазначено, що в рамках національної стратегії повинна бути розроблена програма сталого розвитку аграрного сектору та сільських територій. Адже для досягнення 2-ї Цілі “Подолання голоду, досягнення продовольчої безпеки, поліпшення харчування та сприяння сталому сільському господарству” саме аграрний сектор та сільські громади мають вирішальну роль. Запропоновано удосконалення адміністративно-інституціонального механізму управління сталим розвитком, а саме створення державного комітету із сталого розвитку, підпорядкованого Кабінету Міністрів України, для здійснення координаційної діяльності всіх міністерств та відомств у напрямку запровадження стратегії сталого розвитку. Розглянуто методи побудови механізмів державного управління сталим розвитком, які враховують інтереси усіх зацікавлених сторін, базуються на моделі “державно-приватного” партнерства, а також методах горизонтальної та вертикальної інтеграції, враховуючи альтернативи розвитку держави, специфіку аграрного сектору економіки, потреб сільських територіальних громад у напрямку досягнення ЦСР.

This study explores the perception and knowledge of environmental problems among students of Atatürk University, Turkey, as a developing country, by comparing their perceptions with known facts about environmental problems at local, national, and global levels. In addition, the correlation between the student groups and their knowledge levels and the differences between the student groups according to their knowledge levels when taking age and gender into account are explored. To this end, the research designed as a case study and pursued an exploratory approach revealed that major perceived environmental problems show differences at local, national, and global levels; that consensus on both major perceived problems and knowledge decreases from a local to global level; that a weak correlation exists between the age (r (205) = -.010; .002; -.071) and gender groups (r (205) = -.099; -.125; .065) in terms of their knowledge at local, national, and global level, respectively; and that the contribution of knowledge at a national level can help to explain differences among the age groups (-.304; .102; -.148) at national level and the gender groups (.131; -.205) at national and global levels.

19. yüzyılda Osmanlı devletinde gazeteler ortaya çıkmaya başlamış ve gazetelerde çalışan ve bu mesleği icra eden bir gazeteciler topluluğu oluşmuştur. Devrin gazetelerinde devletin güncel iktisadi ve siyasi politikaları hakkında görüşler öne süren kişilerin ortaya çıkmasıyla devlet politikalarının halka duyurulmasında ve halkın bu konularda haberdar olmasında önemli gelişmeler yaşanmış ve bağımsız bir kamuoyunun oluşması sağlanmıştır. Dönemin gazetecileri devletin iktisadi ve siyasi politikalarını sorgulayarak devlet politikalarını tenkit etmiş ve çeşitli öneriler getirmiştir. Gazetelerde devletin politikalarını sorgulayan gazetecilerden biri de Ali Suavi’dir. Suavi Muhbir’de yazılar kaleme almış aynı zamanda devrin önemli camilerinde halka vaazlar vermiştir. Suavi, yazılarında devletin politikalarını sorgulayan ve bürokratları eleştiren bir üslup kullanmış, bu hususta çözümler öne sürmüştür. Suavi, makalelerinde devletin iktisadi sorunları hakkında düşüncelerini açıklamıştır. Bu çalışmada Suavi’nin sürgünde çıkarttığı Muhbir ve Ulum gazetelerindeki Osmanlı’nın ekonomi sorunları hakkındaki görüşleri verilmiştir. Ali Suavi’nin, gazetede görüşlerin ana amacı bürokratların yürüttüğü ekonomik politikalarının yanlışlığını dile getirmek ve öne sürdüğü görüşlerle devletin ekonomik kalkınmasını bir an önce sağlanmasına çalışmak olmuştur.

Confronting the Privatization and Commercialization of Academic Research:An Analysis of Social Implications at the Local, National, and Global Levels Risa L. Lieberwitz* (bio) Introduction In the current era of capitalist hegemony, the term "globalization" has become synonymous with the global dominance of private market economies. Though concepts of "internationalism" have long been associated with the political Left, the possibilities of a progressive vision of globalization are currently overshadowed by the deepening of private market policies in existing capitalist economies and the expansion of capitalism to former socialist countries and to developing countries throughout the world. This phenomenon has affected all societal institutions through governmental implementation of privatization policies and deregulation; through the power of global financial institutions—such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund—to impose loan conditions that require governments to adopt policies that promote private markets;1 and through multilateral trade agreements that favor transnational corporations (TNCs) in their pursuit of increased capital mobility and market expansion.2 This article addresses the impact of privatization on universities in the United States, focusing, in particular, on the effects on the university mission and academic research in the life sciences. Both public and private nonprofit universities have been affected by public policies of privatization, leading to [End Page 109] increased commercialization of academic research and growing university-industry ties. These changes in practices have been accompanied by a significant weakening of the traditional definition of the university mission of serving the public interest through university teaching and research independent from conflicting interests of either government or business. Tied closely to university independence has been the core value of faculty academic freedom, protecting faculty autonomy over their work and enabling them to ensure the integrity of teaching and research that is independent from conflicting interests.3 The university's mission and the rights of faculty also describe the social role of the university and its faculty. Where the university has a public mission, its social role is defined in terms of promoting the public interest.4 Its policies and practices should, therefore, be aimed toward carrying out its public mission. As the university's mission becomes privatized, however, its social role is redefined as well, shifting from the public interest to serving private economic interests. Given the dominant influence of the United States in promoting private market economies globally, the social implications of privatizing the university's mission will extend beyond the national borders as well. This article begins with a discussion of the traditional definition of the university's public mission and faculty academic freedom, which have formed the core elements of faculty identity in the university. In part II, the discussion moves to legal developments promoting privatization that have had a major impact on these traditional definitions of university mission and faculty rights. The relevant legal developments have taken place at both the national and international levels. At the national level, these changes have been aimed specifically at the university, with the federal Bayh-Dole Act of 1980,5 which authorizes and encourages federal fund recipients—including universities—to patent and license federally funded research. As a consequence of the Bayh-Dole Act, universities have expanded their private market activities, leading to a major growth in university-owned patents and licensing of patents to industry. The article explores the impact of increased market activities at three levels: at the local level, on university culture and [End Page 110] research; at the national level, on the university's public mission; and at the international level, on the social implications of the university's involvement with expanding intellectual property rights. The article examines the international consequences of this commercialization by examining the World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral trade agreement known as TRIPS—the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.6 The 1994 TRIPS agreement, which requires WTO signatories to enact national laws protecting intellectual property rights, was not created with universities in mind. But with the increase of university-industry exclusive licensing agreements, university intellectual property practices take on global implications, as TNCs rely on TRIPS to reap the global benefits of their monopoly over university-owned patents. Part III of the article further...

Confronting the Privatization and Commercialization of Academic Research:An Analysis of Social Implications at the Local, National, and Global Levels Risa L. Lieberwitz* (bio) Introduction In the current era of capitalist hegemony, the term "globalization" has become synonymous with the global dominance of private market economies. Though concepts of "internationalism" have long been associated with the political Left, the possibilities of a progressive vision of globalization are currently overshadowed by the deepening of private market policies in existing capitalist economies and the expansion of capitalism to former socialist countries and to developing countries throughout the world. This phenomenon has affected all societal institutions through governmental implementation of privatization policies and deregulation; through the power of global financial institutions—such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund—to impose loan conditions that require governments to adopt policies that promote private markets;1 and through multilateral trade agreements that favor transnational corporations (TNCs) in their pursuit of increased capital mobility and market expansion.2 This article addresses the impact of privatization on universities in the United States, focusing, in particular, on the effects on the university mission and academic research in the life sciences. Both public and private nonprofit universities have been affected by public policies of privatization, leading to [End Page 109] increased commercialization of academic research and growing university-industry ties. These changes in practices have been accompanied by a significant weakening of the traditional definition of the university mission of serving the public interest through university teaching and research independent from conflicting interests of either government or business. Tied closely to university independence has been the core value of faculty academic freedom, protecting faculty autonomy over their work and enabling them to ensure the integrity of teaching and research that is independent from conflicting interests.3 The university's mission and the rights of faculty also describe the social role of the university and its faculty. Where the university has a public mission, its social role is defined in terms of promoting the public interest.4 Its policies and practices should, therefore, be aimed toward carrying out its public mission. As the university's mission becomes privatized, however, its social role is redefined as well, shifting from the public interest to serving private economic interests. Given the dominant influence of the United States in promoting private market economies globally, the social implications of privatizing the university's mission will extend beyond the national borders as well. This article begins with a discussion of the traditional definition of the university's public mission and faculty academic freedom, which have formed the core elements of faculty identity in the university. In part II, the discussion moves to legal developments promoting privatization that have had a major impact on these traditional definitions of university mission and faculty rights. The relevant legal developments have taken place at both the national and international levels. At the national level, these changes have been aimed specifically at the university, with the federal Bayh-Dole Act of 1980,5 which authorizes and encourages federal fund recipients—including universities—to patent and license federally funded research. As a consequence of the Bayh-Dole Act, universities have expanded their private market activities, leading to a major growth in university-owned patents and licensing of patents to industry. The article explores the impact of increased market activities at three levels: at the local level, on university culture and [End Page 110] research; at the national level, on the university's public mission; and at the international level, on the social implications of the university's involvement with expanding intellectual property rights. The article examines the international consequences of this commercialization by examining the World Trade Organization (WTO) multilateral trade agreement known as TRIPS—the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.6 The 1994 TRIPS agreement, which requires WTO signatories to enact national laws protecting intellectual property rights, was not created with universities in mind. But with the increase of university-industry exclusive licensing agreements, university intellectual property practices take on global implications, as TNCs rely on TRIPS to reap the global benefits of their monopoly over university-owned patents. Part III of the article further...