Abstract
There is compelling evidence that memory is multimodal, with an explicit information processing system of which we are consciously aware, and a parallel, implicit somatosensory system that operates without our awareness. Trauma causes alterations in the production and release of stress-responsive neurochemicals such as norepinephrine and the endogenous opioids, and extreme levels of these neurochemicals disrupt everyday, explicit information processing. The implicit processing system, however, continues to function in the face of trauma and studies of the neurobiological responses to trauma reveal that recovered memories of trauma are best under-stood as implicit, nonconscious, affective and sensorimotor memories. During trauma somatosensory information bypasses integrative higher-order cortical processing, thereby limiting memory to the fragmented affective and sensorimotor memories of the implicit memory system. Further, during memory retrieval the kindling of initially weak memories is hypothesized to ...
Published Version
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