Logical Method and Law

The electric power sector is one of the most important components of the development of the national economy, which confirms the importance of Ukraine’s implementation of the successful experience of other countries in the field of applying innovations in the energy sector and the need to introduce innovations in the energy sector. This involves the effective use of the existing innovation potential of electric power enterprises and a fundamental analysis of innovation processes in the energy sector. The purpose of the article is the development of conceptual principles for increasing the innovative activity of electric power enterprises in the system of strategic management of their activities. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign scientists. The basis of the research methodology is a systematic approach, within which the following logical, general scientific, theoretical and empirical methods are applied: content analysis – for the systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the definition, innovative activity and development of the author’s definition; abstract-logical method – for building the logic of research, for theoretical generalizations and formulation of research conclusions; deductions – to identify individual factors affecting the innovative activity of electric power enterprises; analysis and synthesis – to determine trends in the innovative activity of electric power enterprises. The graphic method made it possible to visualize the obtained research results. The results of the study are the determination of the main problems that prevent the implementation of innovative activity of electric power enterprises, and the justification of the main goals of increasing the innovative activity of electric power enterprises. The article identifies the current domestic trends in the innovative activity of energy enterprises, which made it possible to justify the need to strengthen the role of innovative activity of electric power enterprises as a fundamental factor in their competitiveness. The authors formed the conceptual foundations of the innovative activity of electric power enterprises in the strategic management system, in particular, the interpretation of innovative activity was systematized with the definition of certain properties to provide the author’s interpretation of this definition. The dialectical contradiction between the concepts of the development of economic systems through the prism of innovations has been resolved. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the development of the concept of innovative activity of electric power enterprises in the system of strategic management, taking into account the challenges of the internal and external environment.

Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of the knowledge economy and economic culture in the formation of skills of the personnel of the transport industry. The research methodology is based on the system approach, within which the following logical, general scientific, theoretical and empirical methods are applied: content analysis – to clarify a number of concepts that characterize the knowledge economy and economic culture in the formation of personnel skills; abstract-logical method – for theoretical generalizations and formulation of research conclusions. Results. Skill formation is necessary in order to reduce the time it usually takes for staff to gain experience in a new location, to quickly «blend» into the team, understand the demands placed on them, and quickly reach the required level of productivity. For a transport company, the skills formed significantly reduce staff turnover, which leads to a reduction in recruitment costs. The use of elements of economic culture as a system education includes professional knowledge, abilities, skills, special intellectual abilities and qualities, moral principles and value norms of personnel for providing transport services to the population. Novelty. Knowledge, qualifications, skills, abilities, competences, development, continuous training of personnel in the conditions of the knowledge economy are considered as integral components of the effective functioning and innovative development of the transport enterprise. The birth of new spheres of economic activity, the emergence of new knowledge and technologies, increased competition, changed the priorities of the development of most transport enterprises, putting people and their skills in the foreground as the main resource of economic growth. Practical value. The development directions of various tools for the effective formation of personnel skills have been formed, which allows to provide the transport enterprise with highly qualified and competitive personnel, able to quickly cope with the assigned tasks, demonstrate a sufficient level of professional competence and experience, become part of the team and find a common language with the direct manager. The importance of the knowledge economy and economic culture for solving tasks that affect the reduction of personnel management costs, the reduction of personnel turnover, and the improvement of the efficiency of its work are substantiated.

Logic applied to integer programming and integer programming applied to logic

Introduction. One of the integral components of human economic life is economic accounting – a system of creating information about economic activity, which proves the history and genesis of the accounting science development. The study of theoretical and methodological approaches to the functioning of accounting in the past and the assessment of current practices through the prism of the transformation of the social system will predict the development of accounting science and practice in the future.Goal. To identify the impact of economic and social transformations of mankind on the development of accounting as a science and practice. To analyse the historical transformations of the reflection of production and accounting processes in society, to define the concept of «accounting» not only as a phenomenon, but also to understand its deep essence, to identify trends in the development of accounting activities.Research methods.The main research methods were general scientific empirical, logical and historical methods of cognition of socio-economic processes, historical and monographic analysis, logical method, methods of comparison and extrapolation, as well as methods of grouping, generalization and classification, systemic and structural approaches. Collectively, the research methods used allowed to draw reliable conclusions and recommendations. Results. The dependence of the development of accounting practice and methodology on social formations, economic transformations and user needs is proved. There are three stages of change in accounting theory, which are characterized by «accounting revolutions» by analogy with the industrial and scientific revolutions. The genesis of the development of post-industrial society allowed us to conclude that in the middle of the twentieth century. the basic methodological principles of the new formation system are formed, different from the traditional industrialism, which are accompanied by a qualitative change in the place of theoretical knowledge and information in society and economic life. Based on the analysis of trends in the development of accounting knowledge, a forecast of its development in post-industrial society is made.Perspectives. We see the prospects for the development of accounting science and methodology in its reorientation to the internal needs of enterprise management, which requires a creative and innovative approach to creating information resources, obtaining management information and forecasting.

The purpose of the article is to determine transformation's factors of scientific content of National Geographic Magazine (NGM). The methodology consists of using general scientific methods and special methods: analysis, synthesis, logical and statistical methods, the method of visualization of research results. The application of analysis, synthesis, logical method has allowed substantiating the term quasi-presence of the audience, to define the specific features of NGM articles' illustrativeness. Using the statistical method and method of visualization the dynamics of articles' illustrativeness was calculated and presented. The scientific novelty of the work consists in introducing into the scientific circulation the philosophical and linguistic substantiation of the term quasi-presence of the audience, presentation of specific features of the illustrative material and the dynamics of its dissemination in the journal. Conclusions. NGM, having gone a long way in its development as a brand of scientific and subsequently known to the world of popular science magazine, created a modern style of presentation of illustrated content. To the brink of the first decade of the twentieth century, NGM outlined the stable tendency of changing the symbolic nature of the presentation of scientific and natural knowledge in the journal: from text-oriented document to visualized by the means of fine arts and cartography scientific material. The foundations of the style of the scientific journal were laid as sources of reliable textual information, widely argued and confirmed by various visual information.

The subject of the study is to analyze and evaluate methodological approaches to the study of state control in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy). The article presents the author's established positions on the classification of methods of cognition in the field of theory of state and law. The article presents the author's established positions on the classification of methods of cognition in the field of theory of state and law. The authors of the article analyzed the essence and specifics of the implementation of general philosophical, general scientific and private scientific methods, highlighted their advantages and disadvantages in terms of applicability in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy). The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and dialectical methods of cognition, as well as scientific techniques such as analysis, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the substantiation of the author's methodological approach to the study of state control in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy), consisting of philosophical (dialectical method), general scientific (analysis, synthesis, idealization, historical, systemic and logical methods), private scientific (statistical and cybernetic methods, institutional, functional-structural and communicative analysis, sociological research) and special legal (comparative legal, formal logical) methods. The authors also revealed the specifics of the application of each group of methods in the field of state control in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy). It is proved that the presented methodology makes it possible to comprehensively study the institutional and legislative support for the functioning of the administrative and legal mechanism of state control in the field of insolvency (bankruptcy) and develop relevant directions and measures to improve it.

The aim of the article is to analyze theoretical and methodological provisions related to the definition of directions and principles of implementation of a systematic approach to the use of optical research methods, in particular micro-objects. Subject of research is substantiation and formulation of the classification characteristics of such systematic approach, considering the requirements of forensic techniques. Methodology: The study applies such methods of scientific knowledge as dialectical method, system and structural method, logic and legal method, methods of systematic analysis, logical method. Research results: The article studies the problematic issues of a systematic approach to the choice of scientific and technical methods and means for micro-object examination. Practical consequences: The authors argue that optical methods of the micro-object examination require classifying and systematizing to provide a holistic view of their potentials, as well as the nature of the information that can be obtained about the object being examined. Value / originality: The analysis of clarified classification characteristics and requirements for examination methods in forensic science enables to propose the algorithm of the systemic approach to the creation of the open system classification of methods of micro-object examination and to make justified conclusions.

When Jan Łukasiewicz, eminent representative of the Lvov-Warsaw school, has re­proached the great philosophical systems of Plato or Aristotle, Descartes or Spinoza, Kant or Hegel with vagueness, incomprehensibility, inexactness of reasoning and proofs, erroneousness of logical theories underlaying those systems then his receipt of overcoming these shortcomings was that philosophy must be reconstructed from its very foundations; it should take its inspiration from scientific method and be based on the new logic. However, the twist of fate was that Łukasiewicz’s appeal left philosophers indifferent whereas the logicians responded in it in unexpected manner. They did not begin to reconstruct the philosophy itself but for the purpose of making it based on the new logic they start to elaborate non-classical logical systems allow­ing to evaluate the logical content of the philosophical theories with the new point of view. Where early logicians have seen just paralogisms and logical errors they now start instead discovering non-standard logical reasonings and proofs because their po­sition became pluralistic. Such logical pluralism was disseminated in the Lvov-War­saw school whose representatives (Łukasiewicz himself among them) exert them­selves to develop and strengthen it. The paper deals with the analysis of that phenomenon of logical pluralism in the Lvov-Warsaw school and the ascertainment of its presuppositions and tendencies. It is shown that the reason of logical pluralism of the school became its orientation to logic and logical methods when solving the complex philosophical issues, the paraphrasing method and awareness by school representatives of an impossibility of overcoming paralogisms of some philosophical theories in the framework of classical logic.

The purpose of the article is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the content, essence and functions of the mass media as an important part of the functioning of the political system of society; research on the interaction of government authorities and the mass media; features of the impact of the mass media on society and public administration. Such general scientific and special methods were used in order to reach the set goals: generalization method was used in order to reveal the theoretical and methodological foundations of the communicative interaction mechanisms in the public administration sphere; system method was used in order to reveal the conceptual foundations of communicative interaction in the public administration sphere; logical and dialectical methods, generalization method, method of complex and systemic approaches were used in order to improve certain definitions; logical method was used for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions and proposals. In accordance with the goals of the research: 1) on the basis of the theoretical analysis of the research field on the interaction of public administration authorities and the mass media, it was proved that public administration in modern society is impossible without an extensive system of communication; 2) it was established that in the conditions of transition to the information society the role and importance of mass media in the public processes, which take place in modern Ukraine, grow. At the same time, the subjects of public power become the subjects of the communicative process; 3) a theoretical analysis of the research field on the interaction of government authorities and the mass media, where the mass media is often seen not as a socially responsible business, but as a component of political capital or influence, was made; 4) it was established that the formation of the global communication space also affects the role and functions of the mass media; 5) features of the impact of the mass media on society and public administration were analyzed and concepts were singled out; 6) positive aspects of cooperation between the mass media and government authorities in terms of the term “interaction” were defined; 7) it was proved that the mass media is an important tool of public administration, which directly depends on the current political regime in the country; 8) it was established that the mass media is an integral part of the mechanism of democracy functioning, its values and normative principles as well as an important tool of public administration, but it directly depends on the existing political regime in the country. Openness and ensuring access of citizens to information on the activities of the government as well as the involvement of the population in the discussion of socially important information are crucial for the government. It was established that democratic transformations are possible only under the condition of wide openness of the society, publicity and freedom of speech, which would not give advantages to any political force in possession of the mass media. The author’s position on the definition of positive aspects of cooperation between the mass media and government authorities in terms of the term “interaction”. The article contains an original analysis of modern approaches to the peculiarities of the relationship between the government and the mass media, government authorities and the mass media as well as certain aspects of the functioning of the mass media in the processes of democratic transformations of Ukrainian society and legal regulation of state policy in the mass media sphere. The article can serve as a methodological and theoretical basis for further study of the mass media as a component of human communication; the mass media as a channel of manipulative influence on society; features of the functioning of the mass media in the period of transformation of modern Ukrainian society; as well as the role of the mass media in the process of forming the social and communication sphere of civil society.

Background/Objectives: The article provides a comparative analysis of legal regulation of maternity protection in Kazakhstan, Russia and best practices of the developed European countries, highlighting the gaps in the relevant national legislation which currently remains a pressing issue. Methods: The methodological basis of the research is formed by a general dialectical method of obtaining knowledge on the system of general and natural laws, society and the state; scientific methods – analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, historical and logical methods; specific scientific methods – system analysis, logic, comparative, statistical and other methods. Conducting this study, the authors also applied statistical and comparative methods, the methods of system and correlation analysis. Findings: The research involved studying current legislation, standards, monographs and scientific articles related to the theme of the paper. According to the analysis of Kazakh and Russian legislation on maternity protection, there is a current development of this field, motherhood being a fundamental factor of raising healthy children. Nevertheless, the measures taken appear to be insufficient. The example of the developed countries, especially France and Scandinavian countries, demonstrates that mothers should receive full support (social, financial, and economic). Application/Improvements: The authors concluded that maternity protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan should be comprehensive, and it should imply adoption and implementation of the state programs promoting motherhood, comprehensive social support for mothers, as well as introduce the practice of shared childcare by both parents, taking into consideration gender balance and socio-economic status of mothers.Keywords: Benefits, Gender Balance, Maternity Protection, Social Protection, Social Rights, Welfare

In spite of the strong development of logic and logical methods there is still a level of reflection which presupposes a tight interdependence between logic and language. Many members of the Lvov-Warsaw School, who for short I will call Polish logicians,1 contributed not only to the techniques of logic but also to various domains more properly considered as belonging to the philosophy of language. The obvious observation concerning their work is that although all of them published in various foreign languages, surely all of them were thinking in Polish. This paper is an attempt to present some results belonging, roughly speaking, to the philosophy of language and to the theoretical linguistics developed by Polish logicians in the linguistic context of the Polish language. As has sometimes been pointed out, some of Leśniewski’s logical systems have some flavour of Polish. Although it was never made quite clear, the main influence of the structure of the Polish language that one thinks about immediately concerns the structure and semantics of Polish, or more generally Slavic noun phrases. Indeed, in Polish there are no definite or indefinite articles, and there are many more bare noun phrases, than, say, in English or French.2 Probably for this reason Polish logicians in general were much less interested in the problem of definite descriptions than scholars interested in the logical form of natural languages whose native language was English. In fact, the division of names into sub-classes of definite and indefinite descriptions, although very popular among Anglo-Saxon logicians, was not so common among Polish logicians and apparently neither Ajdukiewicz nor Kotarbinski make such a distinction (cf. Pelc, 1971).

The peculiarities of administrative and legal principles of interaction of customs posts of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other state agencies and citizens of Ukraine have been studied. The totality of both general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition made it possible to achieve the goal and objectives of the study. The logical and semantic method has assisted to clarify the essence of the concepts of “interaction” and “interaction of customs agencies with other state authorities”. The features of interaction of customs posts of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other entities have been generalized. The content of the intra-system and inter-system interaction of customs posts of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other entities has been highlighted and revealed. It has been emphasized that customs posts interact with other entities in the performance of such functions as fiscal, law enforcement, service, etc. Particular attention has been paid to the peculiarities of interaction of the customs posts of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with local state administrations, local self-governments, the Secret Service of Ukraine and other law enforcement agencies, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, etc. It has been noted that one of the forms of interaction of the customs posts of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with citizens is the consideration of the complaints of citizens by the chief of the customs post about the decisions, actions or inactivity of the employees of the customs post.
 The formal and logical method allowed us to analyze the provisions of the current national legislation, including the norms of the Customs Code of Ukraine, which regulate the interaction of the above mentioned entities. It has been noted that certain norms are quite general. It has been concluded that the Customs Code of Ukraine and by-laws regulating the activity of a specific customs post are administrative and legal principles for the interaction of customs posts of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other state authorities and citizens. Particular attention has been paid to the expediency of adopting a by-law, which will establish the directions, forms and levels of interaction of revenue and fees agencies with law enforcement and controlling agencies.

This Element outlines Wittgenstein's early and later philosophies of logic, and explains Wittgenstein's views regarding the methodological significance of logic for philosophy. Wittgenstein's early philosophy of logic is presented as a further development of Frege's and Russell's accounts of logic, and Wittgenstein later philosophy as a response to problems with his early views, including confusions about idealization and abstraction in logic. The later Wittgenstein's novel logical methods, such as the method of language-games, are outlined, and the new kind of logical naturalism developed in his later philosophy described. I conclude by discussing the later Wittgenstein on names.

The article examines upper-level decision-making systems that involve selecting from a finite set of alternatives, known as multidimensional object assessment systems. Examples of such systems are provided. Given the general impossibility of establishing a complete and strict order on a finite set of alternatives using logical methods alone, we offer a theoretical justification for the universality of these systems, which integrate both logical and computational methods for multidimensional evaluation. The work presents the axioms that underpin the development of logical and computational models for multidimensional object assessment. By applying system analysis principles for selecting entities based on multiple indicators from a finite set of alternatives, we establish connections between multidimensional order-ing and classification methods, as well as within groups of these methods. These connections are represented in a task tree of the updated SVIR-M selection and ranking system. The principles of this system, consisting of nine programs tailored to specific tasks, are outlined. In the problem setup interface, a task tree of multidimensional object assess-ment is modeled. SVIR-M's initial data comprises a finite set of objects, each characterized by a set of indicators and requirements. Data preparation involves group preparation using MS Excel and individual preparation through system tools. The multidimensional object assessment model developed within the system can address various problems. Examples of practical applications of the system are provided.

Мета: З’ясування та загальна характеристика теоретично-правових засад адміністративно-правового регулювання в сфері безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації, що слугуватиме теоретичною основою для подальшого дослідження проблем в цій сфері. Методи: Методологічну базу дослідження склали загальнонаукові і спеціальні юридичні методи та підходи. Гносеологічний підхід дозволив з’ясувати сутність поняття «сфера безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації». За допомогою логіко-семантичного методу уточнено поняття адміністративно-правового регулювання в сфері безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації». Метод юридичного аналізу сприяв вивченню нормативного визначення поняття «безпека польотів», а порівняльно-правовий аналіз – доктринальному розмежуванню понять «сфера безпеки польотів» та «безпека польотів». Структурно-логічний метод дав змогу встановити елементний склад змісту адміністративно-правового регулювання в сфері безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації. Результати: Акцентовано, що сучасне глобальне та національне значення сфери безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації вимагає її державного врегулювання, формування ефективної системи забезпечення безпеки, у тому числі, шляхом адміністративно-правового впливу на усі її складові. Внаслідок проведеного аналізу нормативних та доктринальних визначень поняття сфери безпеки польотів, а також його співвідношення з поняттям безпеки польотів, робиться висновок, що за змістом перше поняття є ширшим ніж друге, та у широкому розумінні становить чітко визначену нормативно-правовими актами систему суспільних відносин, що виникають та розвиваються з приводу забезпечення безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації. Доведено, що однією з дієвих форм забезпечення функціонування вказаної сфери, ефективно протидіючи викликам безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації є адміністративно-правове регулювання в цій сфері, під яким пропонується розуміти складну організаційно-правову систему з внутрішньою будовою, всі елементи якої мають адміністративно-правову природу та характеризуються цільовим призначенням з упорядкування та охорони суспільних відносин в сфері безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації. Обговорення: У вузькому значенні сфера безпеки польотів є системним явищем, зміст якого включає: якість авіаційно-транспортної системи, що визначає здатність здійснювати повітряні перевезення без шкоди для здоров’я людей; нормативно-правове забезпечення безпеки польотів; систему державних (публічних) та недержавних органів й організацій, що здійснюють регулювання та забезпечують безпеку польотів в цивільній авіації. Відстоюється позиція, згідно з якою невід’ємними характеристиками безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації є наявні та потенційні зовнішні і внутрішні фактори-виклики, що впливають на вказану сферу відносин, та які у певному стані становлять для цієї сфери загрози або слабкості. Основними елементами змісту адміністративно-правового регулювання в сфері безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації є: мета, цілі, об’єкт, предмет, принципи, метод, механізм, стадії адміністративно-правового регулювання в сфері безпеки польотів в цивільній авіації.