Some remarks on an 18th century text and its fragmentary modern edition – Pildele filosofești [Philosophical Parables] (1713)

19th century written Estonian – from interlanguage to amalgam While in Western Europe the period from the French Revolution to World War I is regarded as the long 19th century − the time of the development of nationalism and the modernization of society, in the countries forming the western part of Czarist Russia similar developments emerged a bit later, from the beginning of the 19th century. Estonia entered the 19th century as a class society, in which the upper class was formed by Baltic Germans and the lower class by Estonians. Germans were also the developers and primary users of the Estonian written language. In the 19th century, the Enlightenment reached the Baltics, societal reforms took place, and the economic situation and educational opportunities of the native population improved. In the second half of the 19th century, the Estonian national awakening began, and the status of Estonians and Estonian in society gradually rose. Beginning from the mid-19th century, Estonian-language texts were written primarily by native Estonian speakers, although their language of education and culture was German. As in neighboring countries, the linguistic situation in Estonia was characterized by double diglossia (cf. Nordlund 2007). Both German and Estonian were in use, and there were different varieties of Estonian, standard written Estonian and spoken vernacular Estonian – the former bearing high status (H-variety), the latter lower status (L-variety) (see Rutten 2016). The article examines the variation in usage of three morphosyntactic indicator features in 19th-century Estonian texts written by influential authors (J.W.L. von Luce, F.R. Kreutzwald, C.R. Jakobson, E. Vilde) in different decades, exploring the reflection of sociolinguistic conditions in the dynamics of language usage. The research material comes from the University of Tartu Corpus of Old Written Estonian. The three indicator features examined are 1) the partial vs. total object opposition, which exists in Estonian but not in German, 2) the complexity of verbal structures, which is generally higher in German, and 3) the saama ‘get, become’ future construction, which was introduced into written Estonian by 17th-century Germans as a calque of the German werden future. Our previous research results have shown that the form of written Estonian developed by German scholars (for whom Estonian was an L2) in the 16th – 18th centuries can be considered a sort of collective interlanguage. It is characterized by the excessive preference for the total object form, overuse of complex verbal structures and the use of a future construction foreign to Estonian. The first of these we regard as a qualitative feature of interlanguage, the second and third we regard as quantitative features. Our research shows that the overuse of the total object form declines over the course of the 19th century, but the opposite extreme can also be observed, overuse of the partial object. By contrast, the quantitative features are preserved and even broadened in texts by Estonian authors (in comparison to the texts of the German author Luce from the beginning of the century). Therefore, the written language of the transition period beginning in the mid-19th century can be regarded as an amalgam (L3), wherein native speakers partially adopt the interlanguage of L2 speakers (see Thomason 2001).The authors’ linguistic choices reflect different strategies and their changes over time. Kreutzwald, writing in the middle of the century, shows many interlanguage characteristics, and some amalgam features even become more pronounced in his writing over time (complexity of verbal structure, saama future). Jakobson also frequently uses interlanguage-like verbal structures, but shows a strong preference for the partial (partitive) object. In the texts of Vilde, from the end of the century, the overuse of these complex verbal structures is reduced, but saama future constructions are very common. He too is somewhat inconsistent in object case usage, which indicates that a stable system for object case had not yet developed in the written language by the end of the 19th century.The amalgam phase in the history of the development of written Estonian continued beyond the beginning of the 20th century. In further studies, we plan to analyze the rest of the long 19th century until World War I and Estonian independence.

The overall improvement in the health of Americans over the 20th century is best exemplified by dramatic changes in 2 trends: 1) the age-adjusted death rate declined by about 74%, while 2) life expectancy increased 56%. Leading causes of death shifted from infectious to chronic diseases. In 1900, infectious respiratory diseases accounted for nearly a quarter of all deaths. In 1998, the 10 leading causes of death in the United States were, respectively, heart disease and cancer followed by stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accidents (unintentional injuries), pneumonia and influenza, diabetes, suicide, kidney diseases, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Together these leading causes accounted for 84% of all deaths. The size and composition of the American population is fundamentally affected by the fertility rate and the number of births. From the beginning of the century there was a steady decline in the fertility rate to a low point in 1936. The postwar baby boom peaked in 1957, when 123 of every 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years gave birth. Thereafter, fertility rates began a steady decline. Trends in the number of births parallel the trends in the fertility rate. Beginning in 1936 and continuing to 1956, there was precipitous decline in maternal mortality from 582 deaths per 100 000 live births in 1935 to 40 in 1956. Since 1950 the maternal mortality ratio dropped by 90% to 7.1 in 1998. The infant mortality rate has shown an exponential decline during the 20th century. In 1915, approximately 100 white infants per 1000 live births died in the first year of life; the rate for black infants was almost twice as high. In 1998, the infant mortality rate was 7.2 overall, 6.0 for white infants, and 14.3 for black infants. For children older than 1 year of age, the overall decline in mortality during the 20th century has been spectacular. In 1900, >3 in 100 children died between their first and 20th birthday; today, <2 in 1000 die. At the beginning of the 20th century, the leading causes of child mortality were infectious diseases, including diarrheal diseases, diphtheria, measles, pneumonia and influenza, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, and whooping cough. Between 1900 and 1998, the percentage of child deaths attributable to infectious diseases declined from 61.6% to 2%. Accidents accounted for 6.3% of child deaths in 1900, but 43.9% in 1998. Between 1900 and 1998, the death rate from accidents, now usually called unintentional injuries, declined two-thirds, from 47. 5 to 15.9 deaths per 100 000. The child dependency ratio far exceeded the elderly dependency ratio during most of the 20th century, particularly during the first 70 years. The elderly ratio has gained incrementally since then and the large increase expected beginning in 2010 indicates that the difference in the 2 ratios will become considerably less by 2030. The challenge for the 21st century is how to balance the needs of children with the growing demands for a large aging population of elderly persons.

The term japonism refers to a movement within 20th-century Russian art that has so far been insufficiently explored. In the meantime, its popularity at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries coincided with the extraordinary blossoming of Russian color printmaking. N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova were among those artists, who, along such revered masters like A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva and V. D. Falileeva, made a substantial contribution to the development of this art style. To date, their work has not received close attention from researchers. Likewise, there is no literature that would provide a systematic analysis of their legacy, save for brief mentions in the periodic press of that period or publications dedicated to exhibitions of 1900-1910s, in which the artists took part. N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler were well-known in the Russian and European artistic circles at the beginning of the century. Having acquired their education in Munich and Paris, they produced an oeuvre that fit perfectly into the context of early 20th century art and added essential touches to the aesthetic vision of the world emerging at that time. However, the work of these masters was not met with the appreciation it deserved and was eventually forgotten. It is worth noting that the task of mapping out the full biography of both artists appears to be extremely challenging due to a variety of reasons: their departure from artistic practice after the outbreak of the First World War, fragmentary and meager archival material, a small number of works that have survived till our time, the tragic and difficult fate of N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler… Thus, the purpose of the article is to fill in one of the gaps in the Russian history of art of the 20th century. The author examines the engravings by N. N. Zeddeler and A. P. Somova-Zeddeler from the collection of the Pushkin Museum created between 1900 and 1910, which were previously not studied by researchers.

Climate reconstruction of the Pokuttia and Bukovyna Carpathians, its foreland and adjacent mountain and foothill areas in the 19th century is performed due to a dense network of meteorological observations, starting from the 60s of the 19th century in the Bukovyna and Galychyna provinces within the Austrian Monarchy and several paleoclimatic reconstructions, mainly dendroclimatic, carried out on the basis of data collected in the Eastern Carpathians. Spatial interpolations using universal kriging has been performed based on in-situ homogenized data of weather stations of the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century. The longest series of observations in the city of Chernivtsi since 1852 has enabled to track multidecadal changes in average annual and monthly air temperatures and atmospheric precipitation. The centennial course of these climatic indicators corresponds to the general patterns characteristic of all the Eastern Carpathians with the most pronounced continentality among the rest of the Carpathian regions. Cold decades in the second half of the 19th century in Chernivtsi are considered the continuation of the coldest period of 1720–1850 in the Eastern Carpathians in the last 600 years. The spatial distribution peculiarities of average monthly temperatures in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of 20th centuries in the region are manifested in a pronounced orographic steplike isotherm pattern. In the second half of the 19th century – the first half of the 20th century, the average long-term temperatures ranged from +3.5 to +4 °C in the southwest to +8 °C in the north and northeast in accordance to the orientation of the mountains. Inversion features of the valleys and internal lowlands are revealed in the spatial distribution of average temperatures, especially in the summer months. These features are also distinguished by a lower amount of atmospheric precipitation in the dry months of spring and autumn. Spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in the second half of the 19th century – at the beginning of 20th century is also distinctive in the the inner mountain ridges of the adjacent Hryniava and Chornyi Dil mountains. These mountains are founded to be the coldest, often with a lack of meteorological summer and a maximum of precipitation in the spring and autumn months. A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of average multi-year air temperatures and precipitation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was performed. In general, similar distribution of air temperatures and precipitation is revealed. The differences are more noticeable in the monthly context, especially in summer and in the mountainous parts of the region. Comparing the turns of 19th and 20th centuries, the average July monthly temperature in the southernmost mountain massifs of the region has increased by 1 °C, while in the foothills the increase does not exceed 0.5 °C. In the annual context, changes are less noticeable. The range of air temperature changes from north to south is the same at the turn of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The city of Chernivtsi is founded to become a bit warmer (by 0.5 °C), but interannual fluctuations of annual air temperatures within 2 °C are typical throughout all the centuries. Alongside, high annual temperatures (+9 °C and higher) have been observed more often. While in the last century such temperatures were recorded once per 5–10 years, in the first decade of this century, annual temperature above +9 °C is recorded every second year. Short-term fluctuations (5–10 years) of annual precipitation amounts have been characteristic of the whole period since the 19th century. The interpretation of local climatic differences involves further devolopment of accurate interpolation techniques and downscaling, especially for the construction of precipitation field given lack of high-mountain weather stations in the earlier centuries. The latter corresponds to the future studies of the author.

Vikingetidens og middelalderens keramik i Århus

The following paper deals with the state and development tendencies of trade and industrial sectors of Samara at the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries. The research was conducted on the basis of archival materials analysis (results of trade and industrial institutions checks, reports of Samara inspectors, data about the number of the issued trade and industrial documents and certificates of various categories) and the statistical data that were found in calendars and memorable books of the Samara province. The author defined groups of Samara trade institutions and industrial enterprises, revealed main kinds of trade and industrial activity of Samara. The paper contains changes and development tendencies of the groups allocated by the author. The conducted research showed that at the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries the trade sphere of Samara unambiguously prevailed over an occupational sector by quantity of institutions. The study of activity kinds of trade and industrial institutions also unambiguously demonstrated rapid development of the Samara economy at the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries - new kinds of activity, steady increase in the number of enterprises and institutions as well as their relative integration.

The industrialization since the beginning of the previous century led to the loss of a significant number of breeds. But it should be remembered, that the disappearance of a breed is not only the disappearance of an important unit that supplemented the uniqueness of a specific landscape, met the needs of a certain category of people who lived in this territory, performed certain rituals associated with traditions and territory, evolved with and complemented a certain culture and nation, but as well the breed – it is the genes, which were not revealed at that time, but in the future could provide people with the development of the latest technologies with new products, a new type of knowledge, skills and useful peculiarities. The analysis of the literal source base of the past centuries confirms the disappearance of Polish, Red Smilyan, Ukrainian White-Backed, Black-and-White Podilian in cattle breeding, in sheep breeding – 9 breeds (Walahian, Pirni, Reshetilivska, Chushka, Mazayev Merino, Malich, Hutsulian, Chuntuk), in horse breeding – Streletsky, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai breeds and Tarpan. 3 breeding populations have disappeared in pig breeding. Disappeared in cattle breeding: the Polissian breed of cattle, which was widespread in the 19th and early 20th centuries on a large territory of Polissia (in 1926, on the right-bank Polissia, it numbered about 35.000 heads). By origin, the Polissian cattle were admitted a descendant of the ancient race that lived in Polissia since ancient times. The animals were exceptionally hardy, resistant to diseases typical for the region, and had a certain productivity even in difficult conditions of unsatisfactory keeping. The Red Smilyan breed of the beginning of the 20th century was spread in the area of the town of Smila, "from north to south along the railway through the town of Smila all the way to Horodyshche and Chhyrynsky district. This breed was "a branch of red steppe cattle, which, like Grey Ukrainian cattle, belonged to the group of steppe cattle." So, it would be interesting to investigate it as well. At the beginning of the last century, the different varieties of spotted cattle of Podillia were spread over almost the entire territory of the Vinnytsia region (except for the northern part). Researchers estimate the presence of this livestock at the level of 100.000 heads at the beginning of the last century. This group included Black-and-White Podilian and Ukrainian White-Backed breeds. Sheep breeding. Coarse-wool sheep have been bred on the territory of Ukraine for a long time, especially Reshetilivska and Sokilian sheep. In the literature, there is also information about the breeding of Wallahian sheep. Horse breeding. Research in recent years suggests a high probability of domestication of horses in the territory of the steppes of Ukraine, so it would be especially interesting to study the behavior, characteristics, and variety of products of ancient horses of Ukrainian origin. However, this is no longer possible on at least 3 breeds of horses: Striletska, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai and Tarpan. In addition, there is evidence that in Ukraine in the 17th century a breed of striped (tarantoid) horses was widespread. Ethnological studies also report on the existence of Steppe Ukrainian horse, bred in Zaporizhzhia, and Boykivian (boyki, perevinniki) horse breed in the Carpathians. The Ukrainian breed of horses became the basis for the formation of the Black Sea breed in the Kuban after the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhya Sich were resettled there in the 19th century. Pig breeding. According to the National Coordinator of Genetic Resources from Ukraine in FAO until 2014, I.V. Guzev, three breed groups of pigs and one local population (European short-eared pig) have disappeared in Ukraine. According to ethnographers, Ukrainian black and brown breeds have long been predominant on the territory of Ukraine. So, it was the Ukrainian sub-population of European group of pigs. This group as well was characterized with yellowish, brown or white, mixed with black bristle color. There were as well individuals of gray or white color with black spots, small fangs were visible.

Even before the 20th century, a consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights was an important objective of the scientific community because of the fundamental importance of these values to science, technology and trade. As the 20th century progressed, physicists, geoscientists, and metrologists collaborated with chemists to revolutionize the science of atomic weights. At the beginning of the century, atomic weights were determined from mass relationships between chemical reactants and products of known stoichiometry. They are now derived from the measured isotopic composition of elements and the atomic masses of the isotopes. Accuracy in measuring atomic weights has improved continually, leading to the revelation of small but significant variations in the isotope abundances of many elements in their normal terrestrial occurrences caused by radioactivity and a variety of physicochemical and biochemical fractionation mechanisms. This atomic-weight variability has now been recognized as providing new scientific insights into and knowledge of the history of materials. Atomic weights, except those of the monoisotopic elements, are thus no longer regarded as "constants of nature". At the beginning of the 20th century, two scales for atomic weights were in common use: that based on the atomic weight of hydrogen being 1 and that based on the atomic weight of oxygen being 16. Atomic weights are now scaled to (12)C, which has the value 12 exactly. Accurate atomic weights of silicon, silver, and argon, have enabled the values of the Avogadro, Faraday and Universal Gas constants, respectively, to be established, with consequent effects on other fundamental constants.

[History in fantasy, fantasy in history. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries] The text deals with the phenomenon which can be observed in the latest Polish fantasy literature, i.e. play with history. The author begins with a comparison of prose of two most renowned representatives of the Polish 20th-century fantasy: Stanislaw Lem and Teodor Parnicki, both already deceased, focusing on common features of the two, which are – despite the evident differences in the sphere of personal experience and the form of literature practised (science fiction novel vs. historical novel) – cognitive scepticism and joint interest in history, although demonstrated in different ways. Both artists also stress the futility of man’s cognitive efforts, although Parnicki deals more with individual while Lem with societal constraints. The experience of the mentioned writers was not immediately drawn from by the artists of the next generations. The younger generation did not follow in the footsteps of the star writers but began to model their writing on the Anglo-Saxon form of fantasy and cosmic horror (Howard, Tolkien, Lovecraft). Some of the writers continue to follow these models without much reflection. Yet thanks to fantasy, as if through the backdoor, history anew entered the Polish fantasy prose. At first mythic, legendary and fairy-tale like, it also began to become factual. The second, fact-based approach to history also appeared thanks to science fiction and the revival of sub-genres already known at the beginning of the 19th century such as alternative histories and histories of the future. The expansiveness of history-related topics proved particularly strong at the beginning of the 20th century. Made-up stories began to fill plots of fantasy and science fiction novels, thrillers and adventure books, they even influenced literature of fact and journalism, in particular such forms of it as interview and essay. However, this does not lead to any profound reflection concerning the historical process. The function of such texts is still mainly to provide readers with entertainment. The play with history, in which most of the authors of Polish fantasy currently engage seems to demonstrate that at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries the simplest conclusion has been drawn from the cognitive scepticism of the 20th-century classics – since the absolute truth is unattainable, let us put philosophising aside and turn a serious problem into a play. At least we will have fun.

Ciklus Svetog Dimitrija u Pećkoj patrijaršiji - II

Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History

The Russian history from the second part of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century is a very significant period for the development of the country. One can say that at that time peasant community faced «globalization» challenge. Agricultural problem was a key issue, which penetrated the whole period bringing up political controversies, ideological strives, success in economical development, starvation in 1891, reforms and revolutions 80-90th of the 19th century were critical for the whole epoch as unsolved peasant issue at that moment was one of the reasons of revolutionary upheavals of the 20th century. For the last twenty-five years the study of different sides of peasant community life has progressed really far and has broken new ground. It is necessary to single out that this progress has been done due to extensive capabilities, which started in the soviet time as well as to the prerevolutionary study of this question. We single out following areas of focus in modern researches which form the problem of modernization of the agricultural sphere from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Firstly, it is the policy to peasant community and race because of the governmental deal. Then it is a huge amount of works dedicated to social-economical village development - peasant autonomy, farming and landed property, land market development, productivity of land, condition of labor force, cooperation problem and development of peasant industry, financial issue of the peasant community. Traditionally social-cultural development of the village is in the great demand including popular education, common law for peasants and the evolution of the peasant family.

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.

This article examines the unique type of blanket used in Hiiumaa, the rüi. Presumably the rüi blanket is related to the Swedish and West Finnish fringed rugs woven with the ryijy technique on looms. In contrast to the ryijy technique, the Hiiumaa rüi does not have yarn piles sown into it, but the hairy top layer is made of rug rags (nukud) sown onto the base blanket. According to archival records, the rüi imitated fur, which made the blanket exceptionally warm and could be worn at night in cold conditions (e.g. on a sea voyage, sleeping in a meadow). In Hiiumaa, rüis were still made until the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the continuity of blanket making ceased. The aim of this article is to present the historical background of the rüi blanket, to describe the process of making of a rüi blanket reconstruction, and to compile stories of experiences from people who slept under the rüi reconstruction. Although this type of blanket was still very common in Hiiumaa in the 19th century, only two exemplary blankets are known to have survived to the present day. A rüi of rather poor condition is preserved in the Estonian National Museum (ERM A 332: 4). During a collection expedition to Hiiumaa in 1901, the Finnish ethnologist Axel Olai Heikel (1851–1924) brought one of the rüis also to the Finnish National Museum (SU 4002: 269). In addition to the few specimens, many written records have fortunately survived from the beginning of the 20th century of how the rüi was made and used. Most of the written records are preserved in the Ethnographic Archive (EA) and Correspondents’ Reply (KV) of the Estonian National Museum. Rüi blankets have been used in different places in Hiiumaa, but they had one purpose – to protect against cold. The blanket was taken to the meadows (it was used to sleep under a hayloft), and it was also used as a boat blanket, although the rüi was mainly used to sleep under at home during the cold season, as just a blanket was rarely warm (ERMA EA 20: 1, 193). In addition to its very practical properties, the rüi also had a wider social significance, as it was part of the dowry of a Hiiumaa bride. Communal work bees were organised to make the blanket and even in the 19th century, the gifts brought to the bride still included clothes suitable for making shreds (nukud). A recurring theme throughout the period of reconstruction was the weight of the rüi blanket. It has been noted that the blanket was so heavy that a sick man could not even carry it and that children grew tired under it. It is recorded from Pühalepa that the blanket could have weighed up to one pood (16,381 kg). In addition, I wanted to add value to the reconstructed blanket through stories of experience. Very many ethnographic descriptions leave the impression that the rüi was very heavy and unusually warm. My desire was to find out how people in the 21st century reflect the experience of sleeping under a blanket that was common in the 19th century. Does it get cold, does the blanket prickle, is it too heavy, etc.? In its finished form, the rüi reconstruction weighs 8,1 kg, half the target weight. The rüi blanket deposited in Finland weighs 7 kg (+/– 1 kg), which calls into question the veracity of the archival record rather than the physical shortcomings of the reconstruction. Three men slept under the rüi reconstruction between 7–13 September 2021, when the night-time temperature was around +10ºC. The participants of the experiment pointed out that the blanket absorbed moisture very well and they didn’t get wet even when sleeping on the ground. The people sleeping under the rüi did not mention that the blanket was too heavy or too warm. Through the process of studying and making a rüi, a significant number of people took part in the intangible heritage of the Hiiumaa people – their skills, knowledge, and experience. The finished blanket is part of the collections of Hiiumaa Museums (HKM 6648:1 Tst 8:22), thus providing an opportunity to familiarise oneself with the item and use the information also for future generations. Keywords: sea blanket, rüi, handicraft techniques, reconstruction, practice-based research, user experience

Relevance of the study. The evolution and the very phenomenon of the Salzburg Festival go hand in hand with the history of music and theatre, the philosophy of art, and the global musical infrastructure of the 20th and early 21st centuries. On the one hand, it is their fair reflection; while on the other hand, it is an integral part of their development. That is why studying and understanding the role and place of the Salzburg Festival is essential for understanding contemporary musical culture in a current historical perspective.Relevance of the study is attributable to the fact that, for the first time in Ukrainian historical musicology, the development and implementation of the idea of holding the Salzburg Festival are considered, indirect relations between the festival ideologists and the Ukrainian cultural space at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are discovered, and the century-old history of the main European music and theatre forum is systematized.Main objective of the study is to introduce the phenomenon of the Salzburg Festival as a historical and cultural integrity in the space of the Ukrainian musicological discourse, as well as to outline and systematize a one hundred-year path of the main music and theatre forum in Europe.Methodology of the study includes the use of historical, culturological, and systemic approaches.Results and conclusions. The study revealed that at the stage of shaping the idea of the festival in Salzburg at the beginning of the twentieth century, there were two fundamental visions of its implementation, namely, “Mozart-oriented” and “general theatrical”. They both entered the gene code of the Salzburg Music and Theatre Forum with varying interpretations of its concept and repertoire policy at each phase of its existence. The change of priorities in its fundamental triad, that is, drama — opera — concert, during forum varying periods is also traced.The hundred-year journey of the Salzburg Festival may be divided into three main stages: 1) the development and search of self-identity (1920–1954); 2) “stabilization” and formation of international prestige (1955–1990); and 3) “modernization” and expansion of cultural horizons (from 1991 until today). Each of them is well integrated into history of Western European music and culture of the 20th and early 21st centuries.