Abstract
In the present study, we determined the levels of chlorinated pesticide residues in surface water samples collected from the Charsadda district (KPK, Pakistan). SPME-GC-ECD with COMBI PAL CTC autosampler was used for extraction and analysis of 20 organochlorine pesticides in the collected water samples. For maximum efficiency of the SPME procedure, several parameters were studied, including the extraction and desorption time of the fiber, solution pH, agitation of samples, and stirring speed, etc. This method showed good liner response, with R2 values in the range of 0.9887 to 0.9999 for all pesticides. This method also provided good percent recoveries at 1 µg L−1 (87.5 to 106.0%) and at 2 µg L−1 (88.5 to 109.2%). Lower limits of detection for all 20 chlorinated pesticides were found to be lower than their maximum permissible contamination levels. Approximately 50% of the surface water samples collected from the Charsadda district were found to be contaminated with the pesticides γ-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin, with maximum concentrations of 0.023, 0.108, 0.014 and 0.013 µg L−1, respectively. For adults and children, the cancer risk from water due to contamination by various pesticides ranged from 0 to 33.29 × 10−6. The non-carcinogenic risk from each pollutant in the water samples of the Charsadda district was found to be in the order of heptachlor > aldrin > dieldrin > γ-BHC. However, the pesticides α-BHC, β-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, endrin, 4,4′-DDD, endrin ketone, 4,4′-DDT, endosulfan sulfate and methoxychlor were not detected in any of the surface water samples of investigated in the present study.
Highlights
Pesticides are mostly used for preventing, fighting and eliminating a variety of pests, such as weeds, insects, rodents, and fungi [1]
solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to the gas chromatograph (GC)-electron capture detection (ECD) method was successfully developed for the extraction and determination of 20 chlorinated pesticides in surface water samples
The SPME-GC-ECD method showed high extraction efficiency, good percent recoveries (87.5% to 106.0%) and acceptable limits of detection (LOD) (0.002 to 0.03 μg L−1 ) for all 20 chlorinated pesticides, which were much lower than their maximum permissible contamination levels
Summary
Pesticides are mostly used for preventing, fighting and eliminating a variety of pests, such as weeds, insects, rodents, and fungi [1]. Estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that one million pesticide poisonings (unintentional acute cases) occurred annually worldwide [28]. We identify residues of approximately 20 types of OCPs in surface water samples from Charsadda district, through the use of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), in combination with gas chromatograph (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD) Some of these OCPs are banned and not produced in Pakistan, but are being used unofficially
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