Ion-exchange mechanism of some bivalent transition-metal ions on half-converted sodium and lithium forms of crystalline zirconium phosphate

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The ion-exchange processes of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ on half-converted sodium and lithium (MI) forms of crystalline zirconium phosphate, ZrHMI(PO4)2·nH2O, occur in two steps from 0 to 80% and 80 to 100% conversion of the exchanger. Different ion-exchange mechanisms operate for the first step of exchange, depending on the proton activity in solution. Measurements on mixtures of transition-metal ions and fully converted metal(II) forms of zirconium phosphate, ZrMII(PO4)2·nH2O, show that the exchange is a non-equilibrium process.