Abstract
In order to improve the acceptance of broader industrial application of flax fiber reinforced beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood, five different industrial applicated adhesive systems were tested. Epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea formaldehyde, isocyanate MDI prepolymer, and polyurethane displayed a divergent picture in improving the mechanical properties—modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength and screw withdrawal resistance—of flax fiber-reinforced plywood. Epoxy resin is well suited for flax fiber reinforcement, whereas urea-formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and isocyanate prepolymer improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance, but lowered tensile strength. Polyurethane lowered the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced plywood. Flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin bonded plywood exceeded glass fiber reinforced plywood in terms of shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture.
Highlights
Wood is a natural, polymeric, cellular fiber composite that is broadly available and has been used for all kinds of application purposes throughout the history of mankind [1].To overcome solid wood disadvantages of anisotropy, biodegradability, and dimensional limitations, respectively, various wood-based products such as cross laminated timber (CLT), plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard (PB), or medium/high density fiberboard (MDF/HDF) have been developed
Epoxy resin bonded flax fiber reinforced samples with a mean density of 0.843 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.009) g/cm3 increased up to 5.5%, respectively 8.8% for glass fiber reinforcement with a mean density of 0.870 (SD = 0.015) g/cm3 compared to the reference with a mean density of 0.799 (SD = 0.007) g/cm3
Comparing the percentage-based performance (Figure 8a; axis interval 5%) of the different adhesives with flax fiber reinforcement, it can be stated that epoxy resin is well suitable for improving modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), thickness swelling (TS), shear strength (SS), and screw withdrawal resistance (SWR)
Summary
Polymeric, cellular fiber composite that is broadly available and has been used for all kinds of application purposes throughout the history of mankind [1].To overcome solid wood disadvantages of anisotropy, biodegradability, and dimensional limitations, respectively, various wood-based products such as cross laminated timber (CLT), plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard (PB), or medium/high density fiberboard (MDF/HDF) have been developed. To enhance the mechanical properties of wood-based products such as plywood and laminated veneer lumber (LVL), fiber reinforcement is well discussed and several experimental studies have been conducted, primarily focusing on synthetic glass and carbon fiber reinforcement, dating back to the 1960s [5]. Bal et al (2015) reinforced phenol-formaldehyde (PF) bonded poplar (Samsun I-77/51 clone) plywood with woven glass fiber (GF) fabric, significantly improving the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture for perpendicular samples, and noted a decreasing factor for inequalities between parallel and perpendicular specimens. Screw withdrawal resistance, screw-head pull-through, and lateral nail resistance of glassfiber reinforced phenol-formaldehyde bonded plywood improved significantly aside from increasing maximum load capacity [7]. Liu et al (2019) conducted research on different experimental plies of poplar (Populus euramenicana), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis), poplar/eucalyptus, and carbon fiber reinforced plywood for construction formwork [8]
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