Hydrothermal dynamics of darcy Forchheimer ternary hybrid nanofluid flow past bended surface with active—passive controls

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This dynamic study investigates hydrothermal and rheological properties of two-dimensional ternary nanofluid flow by using active passive control mechanisms on nanoparticles navigating a porous curved surface. The working fluid contains nanometer sized spherical shaped particles of three different metals [Formula: see text], which are homogenously and stably dispersed in liquid dihydrogen monoxide as host fluid. A strong magnetic force of strength [Formula: see text] acts along radial direction of curved surface. Thermal radiation term in heat equation suggests a strong heat source in the vicinity. This unique amalgamation, which has not been addressed so far by any researcher incorporates Brownian motion and thermophoresis to construct the hydrothermal framework. The passive control of nanoparticles on surface influenced by Brownian movement and thermophoresis, which is considered more realistic in comparison to constant concentration hypothesis (active control), have been taken into account. The nanoliquid flow is governed by system of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) that cater thermophysical properties of nanoparticles. After simplifying the system to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using suitable transform, it is solved numerically using bvp4c in MATLAB 2023a. The obtained graphical and numerical results are discussed in detail to explain physics of observed thermo-rheological behaviour and mass diffusivity. The study reveals that curvature and porosity factors have opposite effects on velocity profile. All involved parameters augment temperature profile for both active and passive controls except curvature factors. In all the cases, active control assures higher temperature over passive control. Dual consequences have been noted for active and passive controls for concentration panels in most cases. Nusselt number is found increasing for increasing nanoparticles concentration with ternary nanofluid having maximum heat transfer rate. This study significantly contributes to the knowledge of ternary nanofluidic thermo-rheological analysis on curved stretching surface having numerous applications in mechanical, thermal and industrial domains. It also offers insights for developing advanced coatings and materials in industrial and engineering context.