Abstract

LetterOpen AccessHuman exposure estimates for phthalates. M C Kohn, F Parham, S A Masten, C J Portier, M D Shelby, J W Brock, and L L Needham M C Kohn Search for more papers by this author , F Parham Search for more papers by this author , S A Masten Search for more papers by this author , C J Portier Search for more papers by this author , M D Shelby Search for more papers by this author , J W Brock Search for more papers by this author , and L L Needham Search for more papers by this author Published:1 October 2000https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.108-a440bCited by:131AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Wang W, Leung A, Chu L and Wong M (2018) Phthalates contamination in China: Status, trends and human exposure-with an emphasis on oral intake, Environmental Pollution, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.088, 238, (771-782), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018. Huang P, Liao K, Chang J, Chan S and Lee C (2018) Characterization of phthalates exposure and risk for cosmetics and perfume sales clerks, Environmental Pollution, 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.079, 233, (577-587), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018. Varshavsky J, Morello-Frosch R, Woodruff T and Zota A (2018) Dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S. general population in NHANES 2005–2014, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.029, 115, (417-429), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018. Chen B, Zirkin B and Ge R (2018) The Leydig Cell as a Target for Toxicants Comprehensive Toxicology, 10.1016/B978-0-08-100601-6.01108-X, (96-111), . Lessmann F, Correia-Sá L, Calhau C, Domingues V, Weiss T, Brüning T and Koch H (2017) Exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in Portuguese children – Urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.028, 104, (25-32), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2017. (2017) HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED MATERIALS Handbook of Plasticizers, 10.1016/B978-1-895198-97-3.50019-6, (681-743), . Chang J, Lee C, Pan W, Chou W, Huang H, Chiang H and Huang P (2017) Estimated Daily Intake and Cumulative Risk Assessment of Phthalates in the General Taiwanese after the 2011 DEHP Food Scandal, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/srep45009, 7:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Olkowska E, Ratajczyk J and Wolska L (2017) Determination of phthalate esters in air with thermal desorption technique – Advantages and disadvantages, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 10.1016/j.trac.2017.04.002, 91, (77-90), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2017. Sun G and Liu K (2017) Developmental toxicity and cardiac effects of butyl benzyl phthalate in zebrafish embryos, Aquatic Toxicology, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.020, 192, (165-170), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2017. Zhang C, Gong P, Ye Y, Zhang L, Chen M, Hu Y, Gu A, Chen S and Wang Y (2017) NF-κB-vimentin is involved in steroidogenesis stimulated by mono-butyl phthalate in primary cultured ovarian granulosa cells, Toxicology in Vitro, 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.012, 45, (25-30), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Koch H, Rüther M, Schütze A, Conrad A, Pälmke C, Apel P, Brüning T and Kolossa-Gehring M (2017) Phthalate metabolites in 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) from 1988 to 2015 and a comparison with US NHANES data from 1999 to 2012, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.003, 220:2, (130-141), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2017. Amin M, Ebrahim K and Poursafa P (2018) Development of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method coupled with GC/MS as a simple and valid method for simultaneous determination of phthalate metabolites in plasma, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 10.1080/03067319.2017.1422497, 97:14-15, (1362-1377), Online publication date: 8-Dec-2017. Scott D, Haw J and Lee R (2016) ‘Wannabe Toxic-Free?’ From precautionary consumption to corporeal citizenship, Environmental Politics, 10.1080/09644016.2016.1232523, 26:2, (322-342), Online publication date: 4-Mar-2017. Wei B, Blount B, Xia B and Wang L (2015) Assessing exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK using its urinary metabolite NNAL measured in US population: 2011–2012, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/jes.2014.88, 26:3, (249-256), Online publication date: 1-May-2016. Alves A, Koppen G, Vanermen G, Covaci A and Voorspoels S (2016) Long-term exposure assessment to phthalates: How do nail analyses compare to commonly used measurements in urine, Journal of Chromatography B, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.039, 1036-1037, (124-135), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2016. Lu H, Zhang C, Hu Y, Qin H, Gu A, Li Y, Zhang L, Li Z and Wang Y (2016) miRNA-200c mediates mono-butyl phthalate-disrupted steroidogenesis by targeting vimentin in Leydig tumor cells and murine adrenocortical tumor cells, Toxicology Letters, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.009, 241, (95-102), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Xie Z, Wang J, Dai F, Jin X, Wu K, Chen Q and Wang Y (2016) Effects of maternal exposure to di- n -butyl phthalate during pregnancy and breastfeeding on ovarian development and function of F1 female rats, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.022, 43, (38-43), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016. Varshavsky J, Zota A and Woodruff T (2016) A Novel Method for Calculating Potency-Weighted Cumulative Phthalates Exposure with Implications for Identifying Racial/Ethnic Disparities among U.S. Reproductive-Aged Women in NHANES 2001–2012, Environmental Science & Technology, 10.1021/acs.est.6b00522, 50:19, (10616-10624), Online publication date: 4-Oct-2016. Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Saito I, Yoshioka E, Cong S and Kishi R (2016) Exposure to phthalates in house dust and associated allergies in children aged 6–12years, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.025, 96, (16-23), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2016. Cao Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Wang J and Hao X (2016) An integrated exposure assessment of phthalates for the general population in China based on both exposure scenario and biomonitoring estimation approaches, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.019, 74, (34-41), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2016. Guerra M, Furlong H, Kempinas W and Foster W (2016) Effects of in vitro exposure to butylparaben and di-(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate, alone or in combination, on ovarian function , Journal of Applied Toxicology, 10.1002/jat.3335, 36:9, (1235-1245), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016. Ünal S, Take G, Erdoğan D, Göktas G and Sahin E (2013) The effect of di- n -butyl phthalate on testis and the potential protective effects of resveratrol , Toxicology and Industrial Health, 10.1177/0748233713512364, 32:5, (777-790), Online publication date: 1-May-2016. Benson R (2015) Phthalates Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology, 10.1002/9781118834015.ch80, (815-820) Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Yoshioka E, Kanazawa A, Cong S and Kishi R (2015) Comparisons of urinary phthalate metabolites and daily phthalate intakes among Japanese families, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.013, 218:5, (461-470), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2015. de Jesus M, Negrin A, Taboga S, Pinto-Fochi M and Góes R (2015) Histopathological alterations in the prostates of Mongolian gerbils exposed to a high-fat diet and di-n-butyl phthalate individually or in combination, Reproductive Toxicology, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.005, 52, (26-39), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2015. Christensen K, Makris S and Lorber M (2014) Generation of hazard indices for cumulative exposure to phthalates for use in cumulative risk assessment, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.019, 69:3, (380-389), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014. Ji Y, Wang F, Zhang L, Shan C, Bai Z, Sun Z, Liu L and Shen B (2014) A comprehensive assessment of human exposure to phthalates from environmental media and food in Tianjin, China, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.055, 279, (133-140), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014. Ye L, Guo J and Ge R (2014) Environmental Pollutants and Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases Endocrine Disrupters, 10.1016/B978-0-12-800095-3.00013-4, (349-390), . Dewalque L, Charlier C and Pirard C (2014) Estimated daily intake and cumulative risk assessment of phthalate diesters in a Belgian general population, Toxicology Letters, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.028, 231:2, (161-168), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Saravanabhavan G, Walker M, Guay M and Aylward L (2014) Urinary excretion and daily intake rates of diethyl phthalate in the general Canadian population, Science of The Total Environment, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.089, 500-501, (191-198), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Völkel W, Kiranoglu M, Schuster R and Fromme H (2014) Phthalate intake by infants calculated from biomonitoring data, Toxicology Letters, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.012, 225:2, (222-229), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014. Benson R (2014) Hazards of Food Contact Material: Phthalates Encyclopedia of Food Safety, 10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00219-5, (438-443), . Fan A (2014) Biomarkers in toxicology, risk assessment, and environmental chemical regulations Biomarkers in Toxicology, 10.1016/B978-0-12-404630-6.00064-6, (1057-1080), . Leng G, Koch H, Gries W, Schütze A, Langsch A, Brüning T and Otter R (2014) Urinary metabolite excretion after oral dosage of bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) to five male volunteers – Characterization of suitable biomarkers for human biomonitoring, Toxicology Letters, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.035, 231:2, (282-288), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Bhat V, Durham J and English J (2014) Derivation of an oral reference dose (RfD) for the plasticizer, di-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate (Palatinol® 10-P), Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.002, 70:1, (65-74), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2014. Das M, Ghosh P and Thakur I (2014) Intake estimates of phthalate esters for South Delhi population based on exposure media assessment, Environmental Pollution, 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.021, 189, (118-125), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2014. Fong J, Lee F, Lu I, Uang S and Lee C (2014) Estimating the contribution of inhalation exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) for PVC production workers, using personal air sampling and urinary metabolite monitoring, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.002, 217:1, (102-109), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2014. Kim S, Kang S, Lee G, Lee S, Jo A, Kwak K, Kim D, Koh D, Kho Y, Kim S and Choi K (2014) Urinary phthalate metabolites among elementary school children of Korea: Sources, risks, and their association with oxidative stress marker, Science of The Total Environment, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.118, 472, (49-55), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2014. Zeman F, Boudet C, Tack K, Floch Barneaud A, Brochot C, Péry A, Oleko A and Vandentorren S (2013) Exposure assessment of phthalates in French pregnant women: Results of the ELFE pilot study, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.12.005, 216:3, (271-279), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2013. Fromme H, Lahrz T, Kraft M, Fembacher L, Dietrich S, Sievering S, Burghardt R, Schuster R, Bolte G and Völkel W (2013) Phthalates in German daycare centers: Occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children (LUPE 3), Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.006, 61, (64-72), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2013. Fromme H, Gruber L, Schuster R, Schlummer M, Kiranoglu M, Bolte G and Völkel W (2013) Phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) intake by German infants based on the results of a duplicate diet study and biomonitoring data (INES 2), Food and Chemical Toxicology, 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.004, 53, (272-280), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013. Hu J, Du G, Zhang W, Huang H, Chen D, Wu D and Wang X (2013) Short-term neonatal/prepubertal exposure of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) advanced pubertal timing and affected hypothalamic kisspeptin/GPR54 expression differently in female rats, Toxicology, 10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.007, 314:1, (65-75), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2013. Euling S, White L, Kim A, Sen B, Wilson V, Keshava C, Keshava N, Hester S, Ovacik M, Ierapetritou M, Androulakis I and Gaido K (2013) Use of genomic data in risk assessment case study: II. Evaluation of the dibutyl phthalate toxicogenomic data set, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.014, 271:3, (349-362), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2013. Kransler K, Bachman A and McKee R (2013) Estimates of daily di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) intake calculated from urinary biomonitoring data, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.11.004, 65:1, (29-33), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013. Magdouli S, Daghrir R, Brar S, Drogui P and Tyagi R (2013) Di 2-ethylhexylphtalate in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: A critical review, Journal of Environmental Management, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.013, 127, (36-49), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2013. Islam M, Ahn S, Cho S and Yun H (2013) Isolation of antibacterial compounds from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) against grapevine crown gall pathogen, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 10.1007/s13580-013-0028-8, 54:4, (338-345), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2013. (2012) HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED MATERIALS Handbook of Plasticizers, 10.1016/B978-1-895198-50-8.50019-9, (581-640), . Bang D, Kyung M, Kim M, Jung B, Cho M, Choi S, Kim Y, Lim S, Lim D, Won A, Kwack S, Lee Y, Kim H and Lee B (2012) Human Risk Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Derived from Plastic Food Containers, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00197.x, 11:5, (453-470), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2012. Aylward L, Kirman C, Adgate J, McKenzie L and Hays S (2012) Interpreting variability in population biomonitoring data: Role of elimination kinetics, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/jes.2012.35, 22:4, (398-408), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2012. Christiansen S, Kortenkamp A, Axelstad M, Boberg J, Scholze M, Jacobsen P, Faust M, Lichtensteiger W, Schlumpf M, Burdorf A and Hass U (2012) Mixtures of endocrine disrupting contaminants modelled on human high end exposures: an exploratory study in rats, International Journal of Andrology, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01242.x, 35:3, (303-316), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2012. Shi W, Hu X, Zhang F, Hu G, Hao Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Wei S, Wang X, Giesy J and Yu H (2012) Occurrence of Thyroid Hormone Activities in Drinking Water from Eastern China: Contributions of Phthalate Esters, Environmental Science & Technology, 10.1021/es202625r, 46:3, (1811-1818), Online publication date: 7-Feb-2012. Kransler K, Bachman A and McKee R (2012) A comprehensive review of intake estimates of di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) based on indirect exposure models and urinary biomonitoring data, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.01.001, 62:2, (248-256), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2012. Hines C, Hopf N, Deddens J, Silva M and Calafat A (2011) Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 10.1007/s00420-011-0674-z, 85:3, (317-325), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2012. Nazaroff W, Weschler C, Little J and Hubal E (2012) Intake to Production Ratio: A Measure of Exposure Intimacy for Manufactured Chemicals, Environmental Health Perspectives, 120:12, (1678-1683), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012.Lorber M and Calafat A (2012) Dose Reconstruction of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Using a Simple Pharmacokinetic Model, Environmental Health Perspectives, 120:12, (1705-1710), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012. Chen X, An H, Ao L, Sun L, Liu W, Zhou Z, Wang Y and Cao J (2011) The combined toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and benzo(a)pyrene on the reproductive system of male Sprague Dawley rats in vivo, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.078, 186:1, (835-841), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2011. Clark K, David R, Guinn R, Kramarz K, Lampi M and Staples C (2011) Modeling Human Exposure to Phthalate Esters: A Comparison of Indirect and Biomonitoring Estimation Methods, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 10.1080/10807039.2011.588157, 17:4, (923-965), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011. Lorber M, Koch H and Angerer J (2010) A critical evaluation of the creatinine correction approach: Can it underestimate intakes of phthalates? A case study with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/jes.2010.43, 21:6, (576-586), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2011. Pan G, Hanaoka T, Yu L, Na J, Yamano Y, Hara K, Ichiba M, Nakadate T, Kishi R, Wang P, Yin H, Zhang S and Feng Y (2011) Associations between hazard indices of di-n-butylphthalateand di-2-ethylhexylphthalate exposure and serum reproductive hormone levels among occupationally exposed and unexposed Chinese men, International Journal of Andrology, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01201.x, 34:5pt2, (e397-e406), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2011. Gaudin R, Marsan P, Ndaw S, Robert A and Ducos P (2010) Biological monitoring of exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in six French factories: a field study, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 10.1007/s00420-010-0566-7, 84:5, (523-531), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2011. Waring R and Harris R (2011) Endocrine disrupters—A threat to women's health?, Maturitas, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.10.008, 68:2, (111-115), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2011. Göen T, Dobler L, Koschorreck J, Müller J, Wiesmüller G, Drexler H and Kolossa-Gehring M (2011) Trends of the internal phthalate exposure of young adults in Germany—Follow-up of a retrospective human biomonitoring study, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.011, Online publication date: 1-Sep-2011. Chen B, Zirkin B and Ge R (2010) The Leydig Cell as a Target for Toxicants Comprehensive Toxicology, 10.1016/B978-0-08-046884-6.01108-8, (131-148), . Ji K, Kho Y, Park C, Paek D, Ryu P, Paek D, Kim M, Kim P and Choi K (2010) Influence of water and food consumption on inadvertent antibiotics intake among general population, Environmental Research, 10.1016/j.envres.2010.06.008, 110:7, (641-649), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2010. Clewell R, Campbell J, Ross S, Gaido K, Clewell H and Andersen M (2010) Assessing the relevance of in vitro measures of phthalate inhibition of steroidogenesis for in vivo response, Toxicology in Vitro, 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.003, 24:1, (327-334), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2010. Lorber M, Angerer J and Koch H (2009) A simple pharmacokinetic model to characterize exposure of Americans to Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/jes.2008.74, 20:1, (38-53), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2010. Ji K, Lim Kho Y, Park Y and Choi K (2010) Influence of a five-day vegetarian diet on urinary levels of antibiotics and phthalate metabolites: A pilot study with “Temple Stay” participants, Environmental Research, 10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.008, 110:4, (375-382), Online publication date: 1-May-2010. Irvin E, Calafat A, Silva M, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Needham L, Hall D, Cassidy B and Naeher L (2010) An estimate of phthalate exposure among pregnant women living in Trujillo, Peru, Chemosphere, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.048, 80:11, (1301-1307), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2010. Clewell R, Kremer J, Williams C, Campbell J, Sochaski M, Andersen M and Borghoff S (2009) Kinetics of selected di-n-butyl phthalate metabolites and fetal testosterone following repeated and single administration in pregnant rats, Toxicology, 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.010, 255:1-2, (80-90), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009. Xiao-feng Z, Nai-qiang Q, Jing Z, Zi L and Yang Z (2009) Di (n-butyl) Phthalate Inhibits Testosterone Synthesis Through a Glucocorticoid-Mediated Pathway in Rats, International Journal of Toxicology, 10.1177/1091581809342596, 28:5, (448-456), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009. Yan X, Calafat A, Lashley S, Smulian J, Ananth C, Barr D, Silva M, Ledoux T, Hore P and Robson M (2009) Phthalates Biomarker Identification and Exposure Estimates in a Population of Pregnant Women, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 10.1080/10807030902892554, 15:3, (565-578), Online publication date: 9-Jun-2009. Davis A, Gift J, Woodall G, Narotsky M and Foureman G (2009) The role of developmental toxicity studies in acute exposure assessments: Analysis of single-day vs. multiple-day exposure regimens, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.006, 54:2, (134-142), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2009. Baek J, Gu M, Sang B, Kwack S, Kim K and Lee B (2009) Risk Reduction of Adverse Effects Due to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) by Utilizing Microbial Degradation, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 10.1080/15287390903212733, 72:21-22, (1388-1394), Online publication date: 30-Sep-2009. Aylward L, Hays S, Gagné M and Krishnan K (2009) Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (CAS No. 117-81-7), Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.001, 55:3, (249-258), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009. Saillenfait A, Sabaté J and Gallissot F (2009) Effects of in utero exposure to di-n-hexyl phthalate on the reproductive development of the male rat, Reproductive Toxicology, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.013, 28:4, (468-476), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009. Kamrin M (2009) Phthalate Risks, Phthalate Regulation, and Public Health: A Review, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10.1080/10937400902729226, 12:2, (157-174), Online publication date: 4-Mar-2009. Cowan-Ellsberry C and Robison S (2009) Refining Aggregate Exposure: Example using Parabens, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.08.004, 55:3, (321-329), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009. Benson R (2009) Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters—dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.11.005, 53:2, (90-101), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2009. Matsumoto M, Hirata-Koizumi M and Ema M (2008) Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health: A review of recent studies on reproduction, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.09.004, 50:1, (37-49), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008. Yang G, Qiao Y, Li B, Yang J, Liu D, Yao H, Xu D and Yang X (2008) Adjuvant effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on asthma-like pathological changes in ovalbumin-immunised rats, Food and Agricultural Immunology, 10.1080/09540100802545869, 19:4, (351-362), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008. Chen M, Chen J, Tang C and Mao I (2008) The internal exposure of Taiwanese to phthalate—An evidence of intensive use of plastic materials, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.07.004, 34:1, (79-85), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. Martín C, Casado I, Pérez-Miguelsanz J, López Y, Maldonado E, Maestro C, Paradas I, Martínez-Sanz E, González I and Martínez-Álvarez C (2008) Effect of Butyl Benzyl Phthalate on Early Postnatal Mortality in Rats, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 10.1080/15376510802399065, 18:9, (759-762), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. Lai T and Bearer C (2008) Iatrogenic Environmental Hazards in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clinics in Perinatology, 10.1016/j.clp.2007.11.003, 35:1, (163-181), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2008. Franco A, Prevedouros K, Alli R and Cousins I (2007) Comparison and analysis of different approaches for estimating the human exposure to phthalate esters, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.10.001, 33:3, (283-291), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2007. Wittassek M, Heger W, Koch H, Becker K, Angerer J and Kolossa-Gehring M (2007) Daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by German children – A comparison of two estimation models based on urinary DEHP metabolite levels, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.009, 210:1, (35-42), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007. Koch H, Becker K, Wittassek M, Seiwert M, Angerer J and Kolossa-Gehring M (2006) Di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate — urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on children, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 10.1038/sj.jes.7500526, 17:4, (378-387), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2007. Lee B and Koo H (2007) Hershberger Assay for Antiandrogenic Effects of Phthalates, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 10.1080/15287390701432285, 70:15-16, (1365-1370), Online publication date: 5-Jul-2007. Koch H and Angerer J (2007) Di-iso-nonylphthalate (DINP) metabolites in human urine after a single oral dose of deuterium-labelled DINP, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.11.008, 210:1, (9-19), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007. Fromme H, Gruber L, Schlummer M, Wolz G, Böhmer S, Angerer J, Mayer R, Liebl B and Bolte G (2007) Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: Results of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.05.006, 33:8, (1012-1020), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2007. Wang Y, Song L, Cui L, Hong X, Zhang Z and Wang X (2007) Monobutyl Phthalate Inhibits Steroidogenesis by Downregulating Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression in Mouse Leydig Tumor Cells (MLTC-1), Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 10.1080/15287390701290717, 70:11, (947-955), Online publication date: 30-Apr-2007. Wittassek M, Wiesmüller G, Koch H, Eckard R, Dobler L, Müller J, Angerer J and Schlüter C (2007) Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades – A retrospective human biomonitoring study, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.037, 210:3-4, (319-333), Online publication date: 1-May-2007. Iles A (2016) Identifying environmental health risks in consumer products: non-governmental organizations and civic epistemologies, Public Understanding of Science, 10.1177/0963662505059442, 16:4, (371-391), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007. Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Zoeller R and Rice D (2006) Evaluation of the U.S. EPA/OSWER Preliminary Remediation Goal for Perchlorate in Groundwater: Focus on Exposure to Nursing Infants, Environmental Health Perspectives, 115:3, (361-369), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2007. Ross G (2016) A Perspective on the Safety of Cosmetic Products: A Position Paper of The American Council on Science and Health, International Journal of Toxicology, 10.1080/10915810600746049, 25:4, (269-277), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006. Calafat A, Brock J, Silva M, Gray L, Reidy J, Barr D and Needham L (2006) Urinary and amniotic fluid levels of phthalate monoesters in rats after the oral administration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate, Toxicology, 10.1016/j.tox.2005.08.013, 217:1, (22-30), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006. Kang J, Morimura K, Toda C, Wanibuchi H, Wei M, Kojima N and Fukushima S (2006) Testicular toxicity of DEHP, but not DEHA, is elevated under conditions of thioacetamide-induced liver damage, Reproductive Toxicology, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.09.013, 21:3, (253-259), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2006. YANG M, PARK M and LEE H (2006) Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Human Exposure and Health Risks, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 10.1080/10590500600936474, 24:2, (183-224), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2006. Wang Y, Song L, Hong X, Cui L, Zhang Z, Xiao H, Zhou J and Wang X (2006) Low concentrations mono-butyl phthalate stimulates steroidogenesis by facilitating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in mouse Leydig tumor cells (MLTC-1), Chemico-Biological Interactions, 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.08.022, 164:1-2, (15-24), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2006. McKee R, Pavkov K, Trimmer G, Keller L and Stump D (2006) An assessment of the potential developmental and reproductive toxicity of di-isoheptyl phthalate in rodents, Reproductive Toxicology, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.09.002, 21:3, (241-252), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2006. Marsee K, Woodruff T, Axelrad D, Calafat A and Swan S (2006) Estimated Daily Phthalate Exposures in a Population of Mothers of Male Infants Exhibiting Reduced Anogenital Distance, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114:6, (805-809), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2006.Albertini R, Bird M, Doerrer N, Needham L, Robison S, Sheldon L and Zenick H (2006) The Use of Biomonitoring Data in Exposure and Human Health Risk Assessments, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114:11, (1755-1762), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2006.Calafat A and McKee R (2006) Integrating Biomonitoring Exposure Data into the Risk Assessment Process: Phthalates [Diethyl Phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate] as a Case

Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call