Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent undoubtedly the most significant breakthrough in photovoltaic technology since the 1970s, with an increase in their power conversion efficiency from less than 5% to over 22% in just a few years. Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are an essential building block of PSC architectures. Currently, 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis-(N,N’-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene), better known as spiro-OMeTAD, is the most widely-used HTM to obtain high-efficiency devices. However, it is a tremendously expensive material with mediocre hole carrier mobility. To ensure wide-scale application of PSC-based technologies, alternative HTMs are being proposed. Solution-processable HTMs are crucial to develop inexpensive, high-throughput and printable large-area PSCs. In this review, we present the most recent advances in the design and development of different types of HTMs, with a particular focus on mesoscopic PSCs. Finally, we outline possible future research directions for further optimization of the HTMs to achieve low-cost, stable and large-area PSCs.
Highlights
The world demand for energy is growing rapidly and continuously
We focus on the efforts to propose alternative charge conducting materials (HTMs), to enhance the stability and conducting layers layersand andparticularly particularlythe thehole-transporting hole-transporting materials (HTMs), to enhance the stability cost effectiveness without impacting the power conversion efficiency (PCE)
This study indicates that the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be effectively tuned by ad hoc device and on the thickness of the HTMs
Summary
In 2016, the total worldwide energy consumption was approximately 1.33 × 108 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) [1], which corresponds to roughly 1.5 × 105 terawatt hours (TWh) These numbers continuously rise, due to the growth of the population and the world economy. Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) became in just a few years one of the most exciting PV technologies. They have a huge potential to dominate the photovoltaic market, being at the same time highly efficient, low-cost and compatible with inexpensive fabrication processes such as inkjet printing. Design, efficiency, stability andof cost-effectiveness of PSCs. In Section 2, we give an overview of PSCs in terms of photovoltaic architectures and current limitations of this technology.
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