Abstract
High Prevalence of Altered Immunological Biomarkers in a Transgender Population
Highlights
It has been shown that sex, and the steroids associated with it, are factors that significantly influence various aspects of the immune system [1,2,3,4,5].The importance of the interaction of the immune and endocrine systems is reflected during situations such as pregnancy, autoimmune diseases and some infectious diseases
If the Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) positivity is for all practical purposes, a requirement for the diagnosis of autoimmune disease, it must be assumed that
The presence of anti- nuclear antibodies in serum is a common denominator of many autoimmune diseases
Summary
It has been shown that sex, and the steroids associated with it, are factors that significantly influence various aspects of the immune system [1,2,3,4,5]. The possibility that other serum markers could be used to differentiate benign ANA positivity from what carries a high risk of autoimmune disease has been considered These markers can include other autoantibodies, since it is well known that the positivity of autoantibodies increases in quantity and complexity according to the years that precede a diagnosis of SLE [16]. This report emphasizes the triggers, including prolonged exposure to significant doses of estrogen as part of sex reassignment surgery, which can lead to the development of lupus in a genetically predisposed individual [17] Another case has been reported of a transgender woman patient who developed systemic lupus erythematosus after 20 years of Hormone Therapy (HT) with estrogens [18]. Biomarkers of autoimmunity and humoral immunoproteins were studied in healthy transgender individuals under evaluation to receive cross-HT
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