Genre analysis and translation

Translation is process of transferring messages from the source language into the target language. The process of transferring message from the source language needs certain strategy. Shifts can be avoided occurring in translation to achieve equivalence between the source language and the target language. This research would like to explore the level of equivalence by getting shifts from the source language into the target language in the book entitled “Mengapa Bali Disebut Pulau Seribu Pura”. The book is written in two languages, English serves as the source language, while Indonesia serves as the target language. The clauses used in the source language gets shift in the equivalence in the target language. Therefore, the shifts explored in the translation are argument shifts involving; participant, process, and circumstance. The theory used to explore shifts found in the target language is Systemic Functional Linguistics theory especially ideational function. This research uses qualitative approach, grounded theory, namely to improve theory of SFL in translation field. The data used for this research were clauses getting shifts in the book such as; participant, process, and circumstance. The result of this research is presented in description supporting with the tables of the source and the target languages. The tables involve the arguments in the clauses getting shifts. The tables are supported by the description. the result of this research shows that the shifts occur in the participant, process, and circumstance. The shifts occurring in participants indicate that shifts in functions of participant since the function of participant is influenced by shifts in the process. The shifts occurring in process indicate the absence of modality and shifts in type of activities. The shifts occurring in circumstance indicate shifts in tense so the meaning of the text become far equivalence. This research is categorised as applied linguistics research so this research has significance for; translation studies, Systemic Functional Linguistics, semiotic, and teaching. This research is expected to add linguistics library so this research can be used as reference for the following translation research. This research is expected to be able to trigger other translation and Systemic Functional Linguistics researchers so the translation and Systemic Functional fields become more popular in the study. In addition, the research is expected to give some knowledge for the communities that translation is not the same word, but the shifts can occur which cause far equivalence.

Previous works on cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition (NER) have achieved great success. However, few of them consider the effect of language families between the source and target languages. In this study, we find that the cross-lingual NER performance of a target language would decrease when its source language is changed from the same (homogenous) into a different (heterogenous) language family with that target language. To improve the NER performance in this situation, we propose a novel cross-lingual NER framework based on self-distillation mechanism and Bilateral-Branch Network (SD-BBN). SD-BBN learns source-language NER knowledge from supervised datasets and obtains target-language knowledge from weakly supervised datasets. These two kinds of knowledge are then fused based on self-distillation mechanism for better identifying entities in the target language. We evaluate SD-BBN on 9 language datasets from 4 different language families. Results show that SD-BBN tends to outperform baseline methods. Remarkably, when the target and source languages are heterogenous, SD-BBN can achieve a greater boost. Our results might suggest that obtaining language-specific knowledge from the target language is essential for improving cross-lingual NER when the source and target languages are heterogenous. This finding could provide a novel insight into further research.

Training translators is an important issue that can be more difficult than learning a new language. Students of translation have to deal with different texts. Translating these different texts requires dealing with various types of dictionaries. There is self-training based on some books that claim to teach translation without a teacher. This type of book for learning translation without either guidance or an instructor cannot be trusted. However, there is another type of organized training provided by educational institutions where the translation teachers deal with each text in order to teach the students how to deal with words, textual and grammatical characteristics, and the methods suitable for translating the texts. The time needed for training differs depending on the goal of training, from a few weeks to several months. Translation training is no longer limited to the texts only but also to the translation technologies: Google, Microsoft and other computer-assisted technologies. Training translators in Libyan universities is still far from machine translation, which makes it complicated and does not give any optimism towards increasing translation projects. The translation between Arabic and other languages is very limited; this happens because no funding is allocated for bringing these technologies and also for training itself. Training is not limited to the knowledge of the source and target languages but also to proofreading and finding the exact equivalence for the source text. It also includes training on dealing with various types of texts coming from different cultural environments.

Alur folktales are an orature narrative genre. They exhibit numerous genre patterns that are crucial in defining their genre identity. However, although Alur folktales have been narrated for ages, little is known about the genre patterns characterising them. This paper was limited to the investigation of the generic structure pattern of Alur folktales. The generic structure describes functional component parts that sequence the text in phases and stages. The study employed a qualitative descriptive design to characterise the stages, the specific functions they perform in the folktales, and their organisational patterns. The study is underpinned by the Systemic Functional Linguistics approach to genre theory (SFL hereafter). Within SFL, genre analysis is adopted as a methodological framework to examine the generic structure of Alur folktales. Two models of genre analysis are used to analyse the generic structure of Alur folktales: the Labovian narrative structure analysis and Hassan’s Generic Structure Potential (GSP). Four Alur folktales selected purposively from a corpus of 51 folktales collected through audio recording were analysed: Diel gikud urombo (a goat and a sheep), Gwenu giku Kalanga (a hen and a groundnut), Piny mamako dano (an abductor), and Pirang’o thwon gweno gikud ulik dong gitiye jurimo ungo (Why a bat and a rooster are no longer friends). The study findings reveal that Alur folktales consist of six stages (abstract, orientation, complication, evaluation, resolution, and coda). However, the folktales display various stage patterns. Findings also suggest that in Alur folktales, abstract, orientation, and complication stages are obligatory. Evaluation, resolution, and coda are optional. Orientation, complication, evaluation, and resolution are recursive. Therefore, it can be contended that the generic structure of Alur folktales is variable. The study recommends putting the generic structure at the heart of folktale narrative genre analysis because it reveals the folktale narrative genre’s nature and unveils its semantic structure.

Scaffoldings in Academic Writing: The Role of Intercultural Rhetoric and Genre Analysis in Academic Socialization

In the present study, 15 complete RAs were selected respectively from English and Chinese medical journals based on the principles of representativity, reputation, accessibility and timeliness. Moves and steps were determined with reference to Swales and Nwogu's models, and their distribution and frequency were recorded and genre comparative analysis was performed. The results showed that the English and Chinese RAs shared generally the similar generic structure of 11 common moves. However, obvious cultural differences were found in the frequency, sequence and length between the two corpora. The findings of the present study will provide a practical guide for Chinese medical workers to have their papers published in English medical journals. Key words: Medical research articles; Genre analysis; Moves; Similarities; Cultural differences

The translation is an activity that cannot be separated from the development of technology and science. A translator must have the ability to solve problems, namely when a translator does not understand the meaning of a word, sentence, or paragraph so that the translator has difficulty translating it even though he already understands the source text. To be able to translate, a translator must know the ins and outs of translation including procedures, ideology, methods, and techniques of translation. The translator must master the language aspects of the source language and target language. These aspects are very different between the source language and the target language, for example in terms of use. Translators are faced with two ideologies, namely foreign (foreign) and domestication. Translators in translating need to pay attention to the type of text being translated. The type of text used in this research is the type of religious text. Religious texts are texts whose substance is dominated by themes and topics originating from one religion.

In this study, transfer learning techniques are presented for cross-lingual speech recognition to mitigate the effects of limited availability of data in a target language using data from richly resourced source languages. First, a maximum likelihood (ML) based regularization criterion is used to learn context-dependent Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based hidden Markov model (HMM) parameters for phones in target language using data from both target and source languages. Recognition results indicate improved HMM state alignments. Second, the hidden layers of a deep neural network (DNN) are initialized using unsupervised pre-training of a multilingual deep belief network (DBN). The DNN is fine-tuned jointly using a modified cross entropy criterion that uses HMM state alignments from both target and source languages. Third, another DNN fine-tuning technique is explored where the training is performed in a sequential manner source language followed by the target language. Experiments conducted using varying amounts of target data indicate further improvements in performance can be obtained using joint and sequential training of the DNN compared to existing techniques. Turkish and English were chosen to be the target and source languages respectively.

Discourse analysis area becomes an essential issue in teaching and learning English in Indonesia. Through applying this approach, the lecturer as the researcher can analyze the students’ texts written during their writing course. This study was aimed at reporting the realization of genre analysis on students’ essay. Through employing discourse analysis approach, the writers selected 3 essays written by the freshmen from the Early Childhood Education Department, Islamic College of Putra Galuh Ciamis. In analyzing the texts, the writers employed context of culture or as the so-called ‘genre analysis’ to determine the social function, generic structure, and linguistics feature of the selected essays. In this study, the writer then addressed 3 research questions: (1) How is the social function of the texts realized? (2) How is the generic structure of the texts realized? (3) How is the linguistics feature of the texts realized? The findings of the study revealed that the realization of the social function of the essays is retelling past events for the purpose of informing or entertaining which was shown by the title of the text. The first essay entitled: “Student’s Skill Competition”, the second essay entitled: “Visiting My Grandmothers’ House”, and the third essay entitled: “Holiday in Pangandaran Beach”. Meanwhile, the realization of the generic structure covered: (a) introduction which tells orientation, (b) sequence of events which tells the events in the order they occurred, and (c) a conclusion which tells re-orientation. Moreover, the realization of the linguistics feature focused on (a) specific participants, (b) the use of past tense, (c) the use of material process and circumstances of time and place. In conclusion, dealing with the social function, generic structure, and the linguistics feature realized on the whole essays, the whole analyzed essays were categorized as recount texts.

In this paper, we present a collaborative framework -- wikiBABEL -- for the efficient and effective creation of multilingual content by a community of users. The wikiBABEL framework leverages the availability of fairly stable content in a source language (typically, English) and a reasonable and not necessarily perfect machine translation system between the source language and a given target language, to create the rough initial content in the target language that is published in a collaborative platform. The platform provides an intuitive user interface and a set of linguistic tools for collaborative correction of the rough content by a community of users, aiding creation of clean content in the target language. We describe the architectural components implementing the wikiBABEL framework, namely, the systems for source and target language content management, mechanisms for coordination and collaboration and intuitive user interface for multilingual editing and review. Importantly, we discuss the integrated linguistic resources and tools, such as, bilingual dictionaries, machine translation and transliteration systems, etc., to help the users during the content correction and creation process. In addition, we analyze and present the prime factors -- user-interface features or linguistic tools and resources -- that significantly influence the user experiences in multilingual content creation.In addition to the creation of multilingual content, another significant motivation for the wikiBABEL framework is the creation of parallel corpora as a by-product. Parallel linguistic corpora are very valuable resources for both Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Crosslingual Information Retrieval (CLIR) research, and may be mined effectively from multilingual data with significant content overlap, as may be created in the wikiBABEL framework. Creation of parallel corpora by professional translators is very expensive, and hence the SMT and CLIR research have been largely confined to a handful of languages. Our attempt to engage the large and diverse Internet user population may aid creation of such linguistic resources economically, and may make computational linguistics research possible and practical in many languages of the world.

The aim of this study is to map and scrutinize developments within Swedish cultural journalism, with a particular focus on transformations in genres, text types and thematic repertoires. Drawing on a constructed week sample from press, television and radio during four decades (1985, 1995, 2005, 2015), we address three aspects of ‘the crisis discourse’ of cultural journalism: (1) the potential decline in cultural coverage due to economic cutbacks and downsized cultural desks; (2) cultural journalism’s perceived ‘quality crisis’ connected to transformations of thematic repertoires; and (3) the alleged decline of cultural expertise related to changes in cultural journalism’s generic structures. The study makes a unique contribution to cultural journalism scholarship by identifying media-specific differences and complementary relationships between media forms, building on media ecology and genre theory. In contrast to the crisis discourse, results show that cultural journalism has expanded significantly through popularization and thematic and generic diversification, but the transformations are different in press, radio and television due to differing role positions in the larger media ecosystem. In addition, some parts of the cultural journalism media ecology appear to be endangered.

In the present paper the author represents a practice-oriented framework for legal translation, referred to herein as the text-functional model, and its implications for translators and their decision-making process. The model consists of such variables as the purpose (function) of translation, text type and functions of textual elements (both established on the basis of textual categories). What differs the proposed model from the scopos theory are text types and text categories as main variables of the model. The text type – as the essential determinant of translator’s choices – has been present in the theory of translation for decades. Nevertheless, it has constantly been connected with language functions, and not with textual ones. The author suggests the textual approach within the framework of text linguistics that concerns textual – and not linguistic – criteria in the theory of translation. Text categories can perform the role of such criteria. As the author states, they allow to distinguish different types of texts, especially in terms of distinguishing texts for special purposes and contrasting them with literary and journalistic texts. Thus, in case of the choice between the source or the target culture layout of the document, the translator should take into account the first variable of the model. In general, three main purposes of legal translation can be distinguished: informative, directive and informative-directive. Hence, the contract while fulfilling the informative function should retain the source language document layout. In case of drafting, a different decision should be made: the layout of the document should be target language- and culture-oriented. In the remainder of the article the analysis of other variables shall be performed in the similar manner.

Gattungsgeschichte und ihr Gattungsbegriff am Beispiel der Novellen

Cross Language Text Categorization (CLTC) is the task of assigning class labels to documents written in a target language (e.g. Chinese) while the system is trained using labeled examples in a source language (e.g. English). With the technique of CLTC, we can build classifiers for multiple languages employing the existing training data in only one language, therefore avoid the cost of preparing training data for each individual language. One challenge for CLTC is the culture differences between languages, which causes the classifier trained on the source language doesn't perform well on the target language. In this paper, we propose an active learning algorithm for CLTC, which takes full advantage of both labeled data in the source language and unlabeled data in the target language. The classifier first learns the classification knowledge from the source language, and then learns the cultural dependent knowledge from the target language. In addition, we extend our algorithm to double viewed form by considering the source and target language as two views of the classification problem. Experiments show that our algorithm can effectively improve the cross language classification performance.

This paper analyses the moves and linguistic features in valedictory speeches of ten graduating students of some Colleges of Education in the Western and Central Regions of Ghana. Ten speeches ranging from 2013 to 2019 were selected from Holy Child College of Education, Takoradi, Our Lady of Apostle College of Education, Cape Coast and Foso College of Education, Fosu. Valedictory speech is important to graduating students of tertiary institutions and some high schools; as a specific form of genre, it shares the characteristics of both oral and written genre in the context of English for specific purposes which is geared towards English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The exemplars were analysed according to move patterns and their textual space as well as its linguistic features. This study adapted mix method design. Interview, focus group discussions and questionnaires were the instruments used. The study revealed that, communicative elements in the valedictory speech are very important to the graduating students and their message they intend to send to the audience. It also identified that it brings out a picture of issues that had contributed to the success of the graduating students and the end result of they being awarded their diplomas or degree. It was clearly established of linguistic features of valedictory speeches. For the analysis of moves and linguistic features in valedictory speeches, one relevant theory is Swales’ Genre Analysis. This theory is instrumental in understanding the structure (moves) and language use (linguistic features) in specific types of discourse like valedictory speeches. This investigation was underpinned by genre analysis theory foundered by Swales, J. (1990). Swales’, Genre Analysis focuses on how different types of texts (genres) are structured to achieve particular communicative purposes. The theory is especially useful in understanding academic and professional communication, as it provides a framework for analyzing the “moves” within a text—segments of discourse that serve specific functions. It was recommended that linguistic features within these moves should realize the functions and contribute to the overall purpose of the genre. Again, framework can be applied to valedictory speeches to analyze the rhetorical structure and the specific linguistic choices made to achieve the communicative goals of the speech.