Evaluation of temporomandibular joint prostheses: Review of the literature from 1946 to 1994 and implications for future prosthesis designs

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Purpose: This article describes the useful elements of applied temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prostheses and discusses the factors necessary to be addressed in an appropriate TMJ prosthesis design. Materials and Methods: Information about TMJ prostheses was gathered by a literature search. Only designs with the primary intention of true joint replacement were selected. The designs were divided in fossa-eminence, condylar, and total joint replacements, which are reviewed separately. Results: A fossa-eminence prosthesis can be fixed by a metal plate screwed to the root of the zygomatic arch. A condylar prosthesis can be fixed by a metal plate screwed to the mandibular ramus and fitted by bending the plate or using different sizes. All reviewed designs resulted in a loss of translational movements of the mandible, especially in an anterior direction. Although the recent designs use the same materials as are used in hip and knee joint prostheses, the wear properties of the existing TMJ prostheses are still unknown. Conclusions: A future prosthesis must imitate the anterior movement of the mandible when the mouth is opened and also allow some mediolateral movement. The fitting to the skull is still a major problem, as is the combination of the required motions and low wear rates. To confirm good clinical performance of a new TMJ prosthesis, long-term follow-up studies are necessary.