Abstract
Nanobubbles are nanoscopic gaseous domains than can exist on solid surfaces or in bulk liquids. They have attracted significant attention in the last decade due to their long-time (meta)stability and ready potential for real-world applications, especially in environmental engineering and more sustainable ecosystems, water treatment, irrigation, and crop growth. After reviewing important nano-bubble science and activity, with some of the latest promising results in agriculture, we point out important directions in applications of nano-bubble phenomena for boosting sustainability, with viewpoints on how to revolutionise best-practice environmental and green sustainability, taking into account economic drivers and impacts. More specifically, it is pointed out how nanobubbles may be used as delivery vehicles, or “nano-carriers”, for nutrients or other agents to specific targets in a variety of ecosystems of environmental relevance, and how core this is to realising a vision of ultra-dense NBs in shaping a positive and lasting impact on ecosystems and our natural environment.
Highlights
Nanobubbles (NBs) are nanoscopic gaseous domains than can exist on solid surfaces or in bulk liquids
There has been much controversy in the literature surrounding reasons why NBs, especially bulk ones, either do [49] or do not [50] have a degree of stability in pure water, and the present study does not concern itself with these fundamental existential questions: suffice to point out here that the present work takes the view that bulk NBs do exist unambiguously in practical situations of environmental significance, provided, that they have been generated in a sufficiently robust manner
Using similar activated-sludge wastewater treatment (WWT) economic-valuation approaches as in [6], it is possible to carry out a net-present-value (NPV) analysis of conventional aeration approaches with blowers and take into account how
Summary
Nanobubbles (NBs) are nanoscopic gaseous domains than can exist on solid surfaces or in bulk liquids. Nanobubbles, as the gas-containing exponent of the more general case in what present in most aqueous solutions, possibly being continually created by agitation and one might call usefully the nano-phase Their concentration increases upon stirring and reduces upon filnanoscale), can be categorised broadly into two: (i) surface and (ii) bulk nanobubbles, tration or degassingdepending [37]. With changing dissolved-gas levels in the liquid, such present in most aqueous solutions, possibly being continually created by agitation and surface NBs either grow diminish inTheir size [1,35].
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