Abstract
[Purpose]Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that it is possible to prescribe exercise for neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease. However, despite the availability of diverse scientific knowledge, the effects of exercise in this regard are still unclear. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate a substance, such as black chokeberry (Aronia melanocapa L.) that could improve the ability of the treatment and enhance the benefits of exercising in neurodegenerative diseases.[Methods]The cell viability was tested with 2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolim-5-carboxanilide and the cells were stained with ethidium homodimer-1 solution. The mRNA expression levels were evaluated by microarray. The active compounds of black chokeberry ethanolic extract (BCE) were analyzed by gas chromatography. The chemical shift analysis in the brain was performed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.[Results]BCE treatment decreased hydrogen peroxide-induced L6 cell death and beta amyloid induced primary neuronal cell death. Furthermore, BCE treatment significantly reduced the mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors, such as IL-1α, Cxcl13, IL36rn, Itgb2, Epha2, Slamf8, Itgb6, Kdm6b, Acvr1, Cd6, Adora3, Cd27, Gata3, Tnfrsf25, Cd40lg, Clec10a, and Slc11a1, in the primary neuronal cells. Next, we identified 16 active compounds from BCE, including D-mannitol. In vivo, BCE (administered orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg) significantly regulated chemical shift in the brain.[Conclusion]Our findings suggest that BCE can serve as a candidate for neurodegenerative disease therapy owing to its cyto-protective and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, BCE treatment is expected to prevent damage to the muscles and neurons of the athletes who continue high intensity exercise. In future studies, it would be necessary to elucidate the effects of combined BCE intake and exercise.
Highlights
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease, have physiological characteristics that are associated with memory loss or stiffness of movement[1]
[Conclusion] Our findings suggest that black chokeberry fruit (BCE) can serve as a candidate for neurodegenerative disease therapy owing to its cyto-protective and anti-inflammatory effects
To test whether the BCE treatment had an effect on the hippocampus in the mouse brain, we analyzed the brain function using MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Summary
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease, have physiological characteristics that are associated with memory loss or stiffness of movement[1]. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders are interrelated in complex vicious circles, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, fragmentation of neuronal Golgi apparatus, and neuro-inflammation[2]. The amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that inflammatory responses induce neurodegenerative diseases to increase free radical species and induce neuronal damage[4]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in various etiological factors[5]. The progression of neurodegenerative diseases is accelerated by inflammatory reactions and generation of reactive oxygen species[6,7]. Exercising at the therapy stage is required for blocking ROS generation and modulating the inflammatory mediators. The research trends in the sports science are inclined towards enhancing the exercise performance without muscle damage and to modulate neuroplasticity for the patients with neurodegeneration[10,11]
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