Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is on the verge of becoming top killer globally if left unattended in few decades to come. Much focus has been on clinical use and misuse of antibiotics and non-therapeutic applications in agriculture are blamed for the emergence of resistance. However, the rising incident of environmental spread of antibiotic is a major public health concern. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of gram-negative bacteria from hospitals sewage and evaluate the multi-drug resistant pattern of the isolates in the study area. Sample from five government’s hospitals in Damaturu, Northern Nigeria were collected. The bacteria were quantified using pour plating method; colonies were counted and further characterized by morphological and biochemical characteristics using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was determined by Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method. A total of 1377 gram-negative isolates were identified; Escherichia coli (331, 24.0%), Salmonella enteric (187, 13.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (113, 8.20%), Proteus mirabilis (69, 5.01%), Klebsiella pneumoniea (271, 19.6%), Vibrio cholera (89, 6.4%), Morganella morganii (77, 5.59%), Shigella species (201, 14.5%), Citrobacter fruendii (51, 3.70%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (48, 3.48%). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was calculated, and found that all the isolates were multi-drug resistant except Morganella morganii. The MARI exhibited by the isolates ranged from 0.2 to 1.0%. Escherichia coli was leading resistant isolate (100%) to the ten antibiotics tested, while other isolates studied exhibited resistance to at least three or more antibiotics tested. Resistance was highest to Nalidixic acid (100%) and lowest with Ciprofloxacin and Augmentin (30% each). This study found multi-drug resistance gram-negative bacteria of both clinical and public health importance, thus hospital sewage housed antibiotic resistant bacteria and aids the spread in environment. Further research will look at the molecular characterization of the antibiotic resistant genes in the study area.
Highlights
There is projection that infections related to antibiotic resistant organisms will contribute to over 10million deaths annually by 2050 worldwide with great economic loss, if the menace is not halted [1]
Antibiotic resistance is as old as the antibiotic but the sudden increase in the development and spread of the resistant genes are of great concern
This study focuses to investigate the members of gram-negative bacteria from hospital sewage and their resistance profile to the most commonly used antibiotics in the study area
Summary
There is projection that infections related to antibiotic resistant organisms will contribute to over 10million deaths annually by 2050 worldwide with great economic loss, if the menace is not halted [1]. The use of antibiotic is being challenged due to the emergence of new infectious diseases and resurgence of many infections that have been treated and the recent increase in bacterial resistance in organisms of public and clinical importance [6]. Antibiotic resistance is as old as the antibiotic but the sudden increase in the development and spread of the resistant genes are of great concern. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics for medical purposes, failure of patients to complete prescription and use of antibiotics for other purposes have been recognized as a cause for development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria [7]. For instance infection with methecillin resistant Staphyloccocus aureus has been declining due to hospital infection control but there is a rising trend in resistance by
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