Abstract
Botulinum toxin is an injectable neuromodulator derived from neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. The human face is made up of a complex network of muscles that work together to create facial expressions and perform essential functions. Clinicians who understand facial anatomy and the functional relationships between muscles in the face and neck can use botulinum toxin safely to selectively weaken specific muscles, resulting in favorable cosmetic results.
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