Comparing Pathways into the Labor Market of Young People with Disabilities in Switzerland and Luxembourg

The article considers the process of adaptation of young people in the labour market. It has been determined that the main adaptation barriers for young people in the modern Ukrainian labour market are: low competitiveness; lack of the majority of young people with the necessary knowledge and skills for self-determination in the labour market, career development, negotiating with employers on employment issues; inconsistency of the professional qualification structure of youth with the needs of the economy and the available vacancies; lack of a mechanism to ensure the relationship between the labour market and the market of educational services; backwardness of personnel policy of most organizations, focused mainly on achieving current results, rather than on long-term development. It is analyzed that the successful adaptation ends, as a rule, with stable employment, adoption of laws of the labour market functioning. Violations of young people's adaptation in the labour market can have serious consequences, the main of which are chronic unemployment of large groups of young people, negative impact on socio-psychological development of young people, frustration at work as a means of personal self-realization.

resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o padrão de inserção do jovem no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre 2004 e 2015. A análise parte da caracterização do padrão histórico de inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e nas décadas de relativa estagnação econômica entre 1981 e 2003. Em seguida, considerando as transformações demográficas, a elevação do ritmo de crescimento econômico, as políticas sociais e voltadas para o mercado de trabalho, o trabalho procura mostrar como esse contexto afetou positivamente as formas de inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, tendências que foram colocadas em risco com o recente processo de estagnação/recessão da economia brasileira.

This paper looks at the effects of the ‘Great Recession’ on young people's labour market experiences in the European Union. The paper documents some of the key characteristics of young people's labour market experiences during the current recession and then seeks to provide some explanations of these applying both cross-section and time-series rolling regression models in order, in particular, to better understand the role of labour market institutions as a determining factor of differing experiences across countries. The analysis finds that labour market flexibility contributed significantly to the negative consequences felt by young people during the recession.

Aim. To analyze the labor market of young people in the Russian and Belarusian Union States and identify trends that affect the development of the labor market under the conditions of geopolitical challenges.Tasks. Analyse the evolution of the main labour market indicators: number of workers, demand and supply of work, number of employees by age. To identify the potential and risks of developing the youth labor market in the Russian and Belarusian Union States, as well as to identify opportunities for cooperation in the context of geopolitical challenges.Methods. In the process of research, the tasks were solved using general science methods — synthesis, analysis, generalization. Based on a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the development of the labor market in the Russian Federation and Belarus, an assessment of the potential and risks of the labor market for young people was carried out.Results. Analysis of labor market indicators in the Russian and Belarusian Union States showed that, despite the decrease in youth unemployment, there is a shortage of workers in the labor market due to the annual decline in the number of employees in the economy of the 15–29 years old age group. This situation presents risks to the sustainable development of the economy. The potential of the youth labor market, expressed in the availability of digital competences and professional skills that are formed during the training phase in higher and secondary vocational institutions, has been identified. It was determined that an important element of the development of the youth labor market is a mechanism of cooperation, which allows to eliminate negative trends in the youth labor market in Russia and Belarus.Conclusions. Considering the trends in the youth labor market in the Russian and Belarusian States, it is necessary to strengthen regulation of the social-labor relations segment with young people, ensuring self-realization and employment of young professionals, The demand for their skills at the beginning of working life by involving young people in various national projects that contribute to the realization of youth’s work potential.

This paper aims at identifying individual and family features that represent advantage or disadvantage factors in the participation of young people to labour market. In particular, the difficult condition of the Southern Italy is analysed. First, we will compare the participation of young people to labour market in Italy to the one of the main European countries. The European Union and its main countries represent a natural benchmark for the conditions of labour market in our country. Subsequently, we will analyse the gap between young people and adults, in different territorial partitions, taking the most important indicators of market labour into consideration. Participation levels and the probability of finding a job vary according to gender, education level, place of residence and economic and cultural support given by the family. In the third paragraph, we will take the family context of Southern young people into consideration. There are some cultural factors acting at a deeper level on the success of young people in labour market. The fourth paragraph describes individual and family features of non-studying and non-working young people. Inactive young people live mostly in the Southern Italy (67 per cent). More particularly, they are young women, almost 42% of all the 15-29 year old inactive population. Finally, we will explain the results of the implementation of a multinomial logistic regression model measuring the influence of some structural variables on the probability that jobseekers, both in the Southern and in the Centre-North Italy, have started a job after one year.

Young people's labour market patterns and later mental health: A sequence analysis exploring the role of region of origin for young people's labour market trajectories and mental health.

The last few years have seen a dramatic worsening of the labour market for young people with increasing unemployment rates and increasing long-term unemployment. Young people leaving school face bleak prospects, with a very low probability of finding work. In some ways, the 1980s appear to be a repeat of the hopeless days of the 1930s but fortunately with better social security support. This book looks at some aspects of the labour market for young people: the relationship between wages of young people and their (un)employment; the probability of finding work being dependent on individual (personal) characteristics; and some government policies to attack the problem of growing youth unemployment. A common message of this book is that to tackle the problem of youth unemployment we need to reflate the economy. Other policies (e.g., training schemes) may have a small impact and could be used in conjunction with reflation.

This article is based upon research which examined the youth labour market in Cumbria, a predominantly rural labour market located in north‐west England. It argues that individual and structural considerations must be extended to incorporate employer behaviour and attitudes towards young men and women. Employers' assessment of young people's skills; their willingness to consider both young males and females for jobs; and the extent to which they are prepared through education/training to address skill gaps and/or enhance career opportunities, can have significant implications for young people's labour market opportunities. While these issues affect all young people, those living in restricted rural labour markets can face particular difficulties. Those who have poor social networks are at risk of marginalisation and/or exclusion because rural employers rely almost exclusively upon local labour that is recruited through a mix of local formal and informal networks. Therefore young people's ability and/or willingness to seek opportunities outside their local area is an important consideration. While employed young people are concentrated in relatively low‐skilled jobs, the extent to which they have access to formal career and education/training opportunities is dependent upon the size and profile of local employers. There are also significant inter‐county differences in the type of employment opportunities available to young people. Young people in west Cumbria, especially males, are reliant upon a declining manufacturing sector. Movement into service sector employment is likely to prove difficult because of the type of skills being demanded by employers. The findings suggest that young males knowledge and understanding of labour market change are issues that may need attention. However, there may be a reluctance and/or bias on the part of some local employers to recruit young men because they are not considered to have the requisite skills.

<b>Background</b>: In Egypt, the 'social problem' of delayed marriage is typically attributed to the difficult labour market conditions and high marriage costs faced by young people, particularly men. However, emerging evidence indicates that Egyptian women's employment experiences may also influence marriage timing. <b>Objective</b>: This paper investigates gender differences in the determinants of marriage timing, including employment history, job characteristics, education, and urban residence. It tests a number of hypotheses based on existing claims in the literature on marriage timing. <b>Methods</b>: Data from two waves of the nationally representative Egypt Labour Market Panel Survey are used to carry out proportional hazard analyses. Characteristics of never-married respondents at wave one in 1998 are used to predict the risk of marriage by wave two in 2006. <b>Results</b>: The results indicate that, to some extent, never-married men who have favourable labour market experiences marry earlier. The same experiences bear no association with women's marriage timing. For men, being employed and having a public sector job are important economic prerequisites for marriage. <b>Conclusions</b>: Evidence indicates that Egyptian men with favourable labour market experiences attract a spouse and establish an independent household faster than others. The male breadwinner ideal is therefore a powerful force in dictating who marries when in Egypt today. I also contend that previous studies may have overstated the delaying effects of education and urban residence on marriage, particularly for women. Finally, I offer four contextual factors that must be taken into account when predicting whether existing theories will hold in a given setting.

Youth unemployment is a serious problem in Latvia, as unemployed young people make up 16.3 % of the total number of unemployed in the country, while in the Latgale region the number of unemployed young people aged 15—24 years was 18.8 % of the total number of unemployed in the country in 2015. The purpose of this study is to identify the main current causes of high unemployment amongst young people in the Latgale region of Latvia aged 15—24 years. This age group of young people acted as a target group for sociological research based on a quota sample (by sex and age) in an online survey of respondents in 2016. The results of the study were processed using the Statistika program. The transformation of social and economic processes in the world, Europe and the post- Soviet space has led to changes in the labor market of young people, which are objective and subjective, contradictory, which continue to this day. It is established that the behavioral rationalism of young people (labor mobility, vocational education, etc.) in the regional labor market is combined with its behavioral irrationalism (lack of desire to work for various reasons, the need for contact with family and friends, etc.). This is due to the growing uncertainty in the youth labor market due to the growth of competition, the emergence and growth of flexible forms of employment, depriving young people of the clarity of career and confidence in the future. The survey results also show that the majority of unemployed youth in the Latgale region deliberately refuses to emigrate outside Latvia and would like to link their future with the region and the country.

Summary Actuality: The onset of the health crisis has found the young people's labour market still fragile after the economic and financial crisis triggered in 2008-2009. At country level, the unemployment rate among young people aged 15-24 years has seen significant variations as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, reaching 23.7% in the 4th quarter of 2021. As the pandemic has spread, the prevalence of the NEET status, inactivity in the labour market and informal work among young people have increased even more than unemployment among them. The economic and social consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic have been and still are significant for young people. The health crisis has been particularly serious for young people, causing disruptions in their education, training and on-the-job learning, but also the loss of jobs and incomes, increasing the difficulties for young people looking for a job. Purpose: Analysis and synthesis of the main existing vulnerabilities on the youth labour market, their manifestation in the development regions of Romania under the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Descriptive statistical analysis was used in particular for visualizing and synthesizing the information derived from the regional labour market data. The classification analysis was used to define a typology of vulnerabilities on the youth labour market, and the factor analysis to create indicators of the vulnerability of their employment. Results: creation of a synthesis of the main vulnerabilities encountered on the youth labour market at the level of the development regions of Romania.

A central theme of Beck's argument in The Brave New World of Work (2000) is that labour markets in the developed world are taking on some of the core characteristics that have been associated with less developed labour markets such as employment insecurity, informality and precarity. A process he refers to as Brazilianisation. In this paper we consider whether Beck's thesis can help us understand changes in youth transitions in Australia and the UK by developing a comparative analysis of processes of casualisation in the youth labour markets of the two countries. We assess the extent to which precarious labour market biographies have become entrenched and represent modern forms of engagement with the labour market. While evidence is presented to suggest that young people's labour market experiences have been affected by a trend towards greater casualisation, we argue that the changes are having the greatest impact on those in the weakest positions: in both countries women are more likely to be affected than men and casualisation is most evident in the lowest skilled occupations.

A country’s competitiveness in the global economy depends on its ability to develop a knowledge-based economy. EU has emphasized the importance of education and training systems for the knowledge society. The paper aims to contribute to the debate on vocational education, and specifically to the literatures on varieties of workforce development, human capital, labour market and social cohesion. Findings reveal that education is considered vital for the formation of a skilled and knowledge-able pool of workers. Investments in vocational and technical skills can be an important factor in contributing to economic development. Nevertheless, social cohesion depends on the way in which education and the labour market are linked. The contribution of this paper is to assess the policy strategies dealing with local youngsters’ education, labour market demands and social cohesion with respect to their potential of enabling young people to participate in working life and society. It also offers a contribution to the growing field of political economy of the link between labour market and social cohesion, the variation and dynamics of education systems, and globalisation.

Little attention has been given to youth unemployment in transition countries. However, it has significant detrimental effects in factors that affect welfare in the long term, such as human capital accumulation and fertility rates. The aim of this paper is to study the determinants of participation of young people in labour market in two countries (Poland and Slovenia) that implemented different reform paths to the market system. The analysis is carried out using individual level data drawn from the labour force survey in 1997 and 2002. The focus is on education and training systems. The results of a multinomial LOGIT model of the probability belong to six different labour market status suggests that tertiary educational attainment and participation in training programmes work as buffers against unemployment especially for adults.

Son yıllarda gerek uluslararası kuruluşların gerekse birtakım ülkelerin gençlikle ilgili çalışmalarında NEİY önemli bir gösterge olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. NEİY, gençliğe yönelik araştırmalarda çağ nüfusunun sosyal durumunu ortaya koymak bakımından dikkate değer bir durum olarak görülmektedir. Ülkemizde bu konudaki çalışmalar çok sınırlıdır. Çalışmanın amacı 15-24 yaş grubundaki, ne eğitimde ne istihdamda ne de yetiştirmede yer alan gençlerin cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim ve işgücü piyasasındaki durumunu betimlemektir. Bu amaç çerçevesinde, TÜİK tarafından uygulanan 2012 yılı Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verileri kullanılmıştır. Diğer taraftan, diğer ülkelerle karşılaştırma yapmak için ILO, OECD ve Eurofound’un çalışmaları incelenmiştir. TÜİK tarafından uygulanan 2012 yılı Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verileri kapsamında yapılan hesaplamalar sonucunda Türkiye’de önemli oranda NEİY olduğu tespit edilmiştir. NEİY oranının azaltılması kapsamında çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.