Abstract
The gut microbiota of healthy people, living in different regions, may vary considerably. The article presents the results of comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the intestine aerobic and anaerobic microbiota of residents of the Republic of Guinea (46) and Russia (60). The content of microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Candida spp., non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria and others) in 1.0 gram of faeces was determined by bacteriological methods. Generic and species identification was performed using Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux, France), tube biochemical tests and MALDI-TОF mass spectrometry (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Pearson χ2 criterion, p 0.05 and Fisher’s exact test (medstatistica.ru) were used to assess the differences in the compared groups. 95% confidence intervals were calculated by the method of Wilson. Microbiological disorders were characterized by a decrease in the number of obligate microorganisms, an increase in the number of facultative (opportunistic) microorganisms (above 106 CFU/g) and the emergence of their associations. Dysbiotic disorders were identified in both compared groups: in 100% patients from Republic of Guinea (95% CI:92.3–100) and in 86.7% patients from St. Petersburg (95% CI:75.8–93.1). Severe degree of microbiota disorders in the residents of the Republic of Guinea was revealed at 19.6% (95% CI:10.7–33.2), in group of residents of St. Petersburg in 9.6% (95% CI:4.2–20.6). In both groups the microbiota disorders of third degree were detected less frequently, compared with the microbiota disorders of second degree. The study has found no significant differences in the content of obligate bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.), however, significant differences in the species composition of the facultative part of the microbiota were revealed. The residents of the Republic of Guinea had “atypical” E. coli (lactosonegative and hemolytic) and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria Comamonas kerstersii more frequently. Opportunistic microorganism associations have been found in 30.4% of the residents of the Republic of Guinea (95% CI:19.1–44.8) and 18.3% of residents of St. Petersburg (95% CI:10.6–29.9). Opportunistic microorganism associations from the residents of the Republic of Guinea always contained Staphylococcus aureus. It is necessary to conduct further research on a bigger population to access the differences in the compared groups in Staphylococcus aureus and Hafnia alvei.
Highlights
At present, the importance of bacteria for life, normal development and full functioning of the human body is beyond doubt
The changes revealed were characterized by a decrease in the amount of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., “typical” Escherichia coli
The human society is constantly confronted with various new problems, despite progress in many areas of medical science and health. One of such problems at present is the violation of the microbial balance of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to the dysbiotic states of the human body
Summary
The importance of bacteria for life, normal development and full functioning of the human body is beyond doubt. It has been proved by numerous studies of both Russian and foreign authors [2, 3, 10, 17, 19]. Species composition, quantitative characteristics are influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors: climatic, ecological, social, etc. The adaptive possibilities of microbiome depend on external influences, and are closely related to the individual genetic characteristics of the macroorganism, the state of its immune system. It has been shown that disruption of the well-functioning of intestinal microbiocenosis plays a leading role in the emergence and development of many pathological processes, both infectious and non-infectious [1, 9, 10, 23, 27]
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