Abstract

Rapidly depleting fossil fuels such as diesel and petrol utilized by vehicles together with extreme climate change are the main drivers for the implementation of renewable energy resources (RES) to power systems in transportation (Fontes and Freires, 2018; Hossain, 2020). Even more, increasing petrol prices fuel the need for an alternative energy source such as RES (Singh and Ahmed, 2013). Unlike non-renewable fossil fuels, renewable energy (RE) resources are easily replenished, abundant, they are a clean energy source, mitigate climate change, and therefore, environmentally friendly and sustainable (Benedek et al., 2018). As part of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) put together by the United Nations for Agenda 2030, Goal 7 states the need to make available affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all since the impact of the previously stated challenges has been more prominent in the past recent years (Nurunnabi et al., 2020). Solar, wind and biomass are some of the renewable energy resources applicable for transport use (Benedek et al., 2018; Sibanda and Workneh, 2020b).

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