Chapter 9 - Algae: An emerging feedstock for biofuels production

Abstract

Green algae as a biofuel feedstock is gaining traction due to rising petroleum prices, rapidly depleting natural oil sources, and, most importantly, the emerging lethal problems related to global warming caused by burning of fossil fuels. Algae are considered the best source of lipids (20%–70%) and have an extraordinary potential for cultivation as a sustainable renewable energy source. Significant research work has been carried out on algal biomass. However, there is little evidence that authors have published detailed information on the engineering of metabolic pathways for high oil production, genetic engineering to control environmental stresses, and low-cost technologies for biofuel production from algae. Therefore, there is a dire need to consolidate and present updated knowledge on all aspects of production, harvesting, and processing of algal biomass as a fuel feedstock. The proposed chapter aims to achieve this goal by explaining and critically evaluating the following topics: (i) Algae as a promising future feedstock for biofuel production, (ii) Types of algal biomass for biofuel production, (iii) Algal cultivation and biomass production, (iv) Biomass harvesting and drying, (v) Lipid extraction and biofuel production, (vi) Techno-economic analysis of algal biofuel production, (vii) Prospects and challenges, and (viii) Conclusions. Extensive literature surveys have been conducted to collect information on algae from cultivation to harvest to biofuel production. Particular emphasis has been given to the conversion of algae oil into biofuel. This chapter will be a ready reference for students, researchers, industrialists, and policymakers and will provide up-to-date knowledge in the subject area.