Abstract
In this chapter, a brief survey of the molecular mechanisms of yielding is followed by analyses of yield phenomena in tension, compression and bending. Some deformation mechanisms are more common in plastics products; for instance, buckling in compression rather than uniaxial yielding. Localized yielding will be analyzed to explain scratching and film penetration. Rate dependence, introduced in the last chapter, also affects yield stresses; consequently, products must be designed using the yield stress for the appropriate time scale. Orientation hardening, which enhances the strength of some products, will be explored. Finally, yielding mechanisms on a micron scale will be described, crazing in bulk polymers and yielding in the thin faces of polymer foams.
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