Abstract
Although we have an incomplete understanding of the causation of individual cancers, we have an even more imperfect ability to predict whether a given chemical agent is a carcinogen. We can’t expose people to potential danger just to see if a chemical can cause human cancer, so the information has to come from already available observations. Determining whether or not a particular agent actually causes cancer is not a simple process, however, much suspicion has been raised by its characteristics. Each such review must inevitably consider three forms of evidence: studies of exposed humans, studies conducted by exposing members of nonhuman species, and laboratory studies of individual cells or tissues. Each of these methods offers some advantages but may lead to frustrating pitfalls.
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