Abstract
The direct detection of free radicals is limited by their extremely short half-life in aqueous solution and this is likely to be even shorter in biological systems. However, this chapter describes how free radicals can be detected in biological systems with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy by the use of small diamagnetic probes, e.g., nitrone-based and hydroxylamines, and paramagnetic probes, e.g., nitroxides and trityl radicals. EPR is a powerful tool able to provide key information on the concentration of reactive species formed, the nature of the radical formed, the kinetics of radical formation, oxygen concentration, and more.
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