Abstract
Birds engage in diverse life cycle stages across the year that are often defined by distinct changes in physiology, morphology and behaviour. These life cycle stages, such as reproduction, molt, and migration, reflect the seasonal characteristics of the diverse habitats in which birds live. This chapter reviews the diversity of annual schedules from proximate and ultimate perspectives, including a discussion of the factors that have shaped the evolution of avian annual schedules and the neuroendocrine mechanisms by which seasonal transitions are coordinated. Topical areas include photoperiodism, the role of supplementary cues such as temperature and social cues in regulating annual schedules, phenological responses to climate change, and carry-over effects. This chapter also evaluates the ways that seasonality influences important constitutive processes necessary for self-maintenance, including metabolism, immune function, and response to stressors.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
