Chapter 4 - Synthesis, Classification, and Properties of Nanomaterials

Abstract

Nanomaterials are materials with at least one external dimension measuring approximately 1 to 100 nm. They play an important role in the fabrication of many devices and modified materials because of their unique physical and chemical properties, such as a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, and their high mechanical strength. This chapter discusses the synthesis, classification, and characterization of nanomaterials. Zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional nanostructured materials are discussed. The synthesis of nanomaterials, including top-down and bottom-up approaches, and various chemical, physical, and mechanical methods are addressed. The applications of nanomaterials and nanoparticles incorporated into polymeric nanomaterials in adsorption and membrane processes are also discussed.