Abstract
The hydro-turbine is the element in a hydropower station that converts the energy contained in flowing water into mechanical, rotational energy, energy that can be used to drive a generator and produce electricity. The main turbine types used in modern large hydropower plants are Francis turbines, Pelton turbines, propeller turbines, Kaplan turbines and Deriaz turbines. Similar turbines are used in small hydropower plants but there are a range of other types that can be used in the smallest projects including simple water wheels and pumps that are used as turbine generators. For large projects the turbines are often bespoke, designed for the particular site conditions. Smaller projects often use off-the-shelf components to keep costs low.
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