Abstract
This chapter addresses the use of countermeasures against credibility assessment tests. Countermeasures are anything that a person might do to defeat or distort a test. Credibility assessment tests, like all tests in which the subject has a self-interest, are subject to manipulation and distortion by the test-taker. This chapter focuses on polygraph tests as those tests have wide application and a relatively large scientific literature concerning countermeasures. Initially, a taxonomy of polygraph countermeasures is provided and that taxonomy is used to organize the scientific literature. Although published studies show that some countermeasures are effective in laboratory studies, it appears that hands-on training is needed for effectiveness. Current efforts to deter or detect polygraph countermeasures appear to be inadequate. The chapter concludes with a proposed theoretical model to explain the mechanism of effective countermeasures. Hopefully, theory-based research may advance research to deter and/or detect countermeasures.
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