Abstract
Chapter 3 presents a comprehensive body of evidence designed to determine whether atmospheric extremes have changed in the past. It considers changes in atmospheric extremes over both the pre-instrumental and instrumental periods. Greater focus is on the 1950s onward, when reliable observations became more generally available. Changes in the instrumental era cover daily and other short-term temperature extremes, heatwaves, coldwaves, heavy precipitation, drought including flash droughts, extreme storms including tropical cyclones, atmospheric rivers, severe extratropical cyclones and severe convective storms, extreme wind gusts and compound extremes. It is clear that, in many instances, the weather and climate have become more extreme in recent times, though not for all locations. But it is equally important to highlight that some locations have experienced extreme events which are not replicated in the post-industrial records, some of which span at least two centuries. Overall, the evidence of changes in extremes presented in this chapter provides a credible foundation for developing a broader understanding of weather and climate extremes.
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