Abstract
Cytosine C5-methylation (5mC) is the best characterized epigenetic modification in eukaryotic cells. In the mammalian nervous system, both DNA methylation and demethylation have been shown to play important roles in dynamic regulation of gene expression programs under normal and pathological conditions. In this chapter, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying active DNA demethylation, with a focus on the role of the recently identified DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in this process. We also discuss the potential role of active DNA demethylation in the nervous system.
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