Abstract
In order to understand the basics of reverse osmosis (RO), it is first important to know the natural osmosis process. This chapter discusses the basics of osmosis as well as RO. Also, the equations for water flux, salt flux, rejection, and recovery are explained. Further, the concentration polarization phenomenon and its associated equations are described here. In addition to this, the different processes in RO-based desalination plants, such as plant intake, pretreatment, RO separation system, and posttreatment processes are briefly discussed. Also, in this chapter, different RO system components such as pumps, membrane elements, piping, pressure vessels, trains, skids, energy-recovery systems, membrane flushing system, and membrane cleaning system, RO system types, instrumentation, and controls are presented. In the end, we discuss the various processes in different seawater desalination plants in the Gulf region.
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