Abstract
Fouling presents the most difficult challenge to the design and operation of membrane processes. In this chapter, the reader can find extensive and useful information regarding membrane fouling and types of foulants. Fouling classification, including colloidal fouling, organic fouling, inorganic fouling, and biofouling is discussed. Factors influencing fouling are categorized under factors related to the feed, such as processing variables and those related to the membrane materials. Some fouling mechanisms are also discussed. The chapter discusses the strategies for membrane cleaning, including chemical (acids, bases, chelating agents, oxidants, disinfectants, and surfactants), physical, and mechanical means (backflushing, backpulsing, ultrasound, electric field, and magnetic field treatment), with emphasis on the cleaning temperature and time. Finally, fouling reduction by modification and coating methods is addressed.
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