Abstract
The relationship between the brain and the cardiovascular system remained undetermined until the 19th century, whereupon, it was discovered that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) interacts with the cardiovascular system through its sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which exert antagonistic effects. Both branches are continuously active, so that at any time, cardiac activities and vascular tone are the net balance of the continuous interaction of these two components, which increase their activity in opposite conditions.
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