Abstract
Metagenomics is a powerful tool contributing to the discovery of novel CRISPRs, Cas-encoding genes, anti-CRISPR sequences, and their associated proteins or enzymes. Expansion in count and types of CRISPR-Cas has been observed while exploring various habitats including extreme niches. Metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding of how microbiomes constituted of bacterial, archaeal, viral, fungal, and many other organisms shape their own diversity with respect to CRISPR sequences. The discovery of several new CRISPR-Cas loci from different microorganisms has opened new avenues for their biotechnological applications. With the use of metagenomics and CRISPRs, we are on the path to finding novel solutions for antibiotic resistance and improving agriculture and therapeutics. CRISPR-based metagenomic approaches are also being used for the development of prebiotics and probiotics for improving human health and the treatment of several diseases. CRISPR also assists to modulate the gut microbiome for better health. Metagenomic-based CRISPR spacers and protospacers are being used to understand the evolutionary relationship of infection that occurred between the existing prokaryotes and the viral communities in an ecosystem. In the future, many CRISPR-based tools can be implemented and developed for use in a metagenomic study to resist the problem of an assemblage of CRISPR loci of large datasets.
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