Abstract
Although cerium (7440-45-1) is a rare earth element, it is relatively abundant in the earth’s crust (among the lanthanides, the most abundant). It is one of the 78 most common elements in the earth’s crust, and ranks 25th in occurrence at an average distribution of 20–60 ppm. It is the only material known to have a solid-state critical point. Inhalation, dermal, and oral are the possible exposure routes. Cerium is poorly absorbed by the intestine. Cerium resembles aluminum in its biological and chemical properties. Cerium can increase blood coagulation rate and produce adverse gastrointestinal effects. Inhalation can lead to polycythemia. Toxicity to aquatic species is primarily dependent upon the particle size.
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