Abstract
The integration of high shares of variable renewable energy raises challenges for the reliability and cost-effectiveness of power systems. The value of long-duration energy storage, which helps address variability in renewable energy supply across days and seasons, is poised to grow significantly as power systems shift to larger shares of variable generation such as wind and solar. This study explores the system-level services and associated benefits of long-duration energy storage on the 2050 Western Interconnection (WI). The operation of the future WI system with 85% renewable penetration is simulated using a two-stage production cost model. The impact of long duration energy storage on systemwide operations is examined for the 2050 WI system, using a range of round-trip efficiencies corresponding to four different energy storage technologies. The analysis projects the energy storage dispatch profile, system-wide production cost savings (from both diurnal and seasonal operation), and impacts on generation mix, and change in renewable generation curtailment.
Highlights
In recent years, the penetration of renewable energy in power systems has gradually increased worldwide
A range of studies have analyzed the potential for energy storage to facilitate higher shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation (Denholm and Hand, 2011; Mileva et al, 2016; Denholm and Mai, 2019; Bistline and Young, 2020) Energy storage can provide a series of services to power systems, including energy arbitrage; transmission and distribution congestion relief; investment deferral; demand shifting and peak reduction; spinning and non-spinning reserves; and seasonal energy shifting (Sto, 2014; Akhil et al, 2016)
This study suggests that long-duration energy storage, which is generally defined as having more than 10 h of discharge duration at rated power, can potentially provide system-wide benefit from seasonal energy arbitrage
Summary
The penetration of renewable energy in power systems has gradually increased worldwide. California signed Senate Bill 100 on September 10th, 2018, which requires 100% renewable penetration by 2045 (SB-100, 2018). Getting to such ultra-high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) raises more challenges for power systems. Numerous cost assessments are available for energy storage technologies. Schmidt et al (2017) and Kittner et al (2017) focus on future investment costs of energy storage technologies. Other assessments use the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) metric which quantifies the discounted cost per unit of discharged electricity for a specific energy storage technology and Benefit Analysis of Long-Duration Energy Storage application has been proposed and applied to multiple energy storage cost studies (Battke et al, 2013; Pawel, 2014; Zakeri and Syri, 2015; Jülch, 2016; Lai and McCulloch, 2017; Obi et al, 2017; Schmidt et al, 2019; Ziegler et al, 2019)
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