Abstract
The study aimed at synthesizing β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanoparticles and comparing the mechanical properties and dentin interaction of two adhesives: experimental adhesive (EA) and EA with 5 wt.% β-TCP nanoparticles (β-TCP-5%). These filler nanoparticles were synthesized and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The β-TCP nanoparticles were incorporated in the adhesives to form two groups: gp-1: EA (control) and gp-2: β-TCP-5%. These adhesives were characterized by SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and were also assessed for their micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) with (TC) and without thermocycling (NTC). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) of two adhesives. The β-TCP filler was seen as irregularly shaped agglomerates on SEM. The micro-Raman spectra revealed characteristic peaks associated with β-TCP nanoparticles. Both adhesives presented suitable dentin interaction, which was demonstrated by the formation of resin tags of variable depths. The EDX analysis verified the existence of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) for the β-TCP-5% group. The greatest μTBS values were shown by β-TCP-5% group samples when they were non-thermocycled (NTC) (β-TCP-5%-NTC: 34.11 ± 3.46) followed by the thermocycled (TC) samples of the same group (β-TCP-5%-TC: 30.38 ± 3.66), compared with the EA group. Although the DC presented by β-TCP-5% group was comparable to the EA group, it was still lower. The addition of β-TCP nanoparticles in the adhesive improved its μTBS and resulted in a suitable dentin interaction, seen in the form of hybrid layer and resin tag formation. Nonetheless, a decreased DC was observed for the β-TCP-5% adhesive. Future studies probing the effect of different filler concentrations on various properties of the adhesive are warranted.
Highlights
The clinical success of bonded restorations is immensely reliant on the role played by dentin adhesives [1]
Researchers have demonstrated encouraging results after the incorporation of various fillers in the adhesives that included filler particles based on bioactive glass (BG), hydroxyapatite (HA), graphene oxide (GO), silica (SiO2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) [6]
The representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP)) nanoparticles are presented in Figure 1A and 1B
Summary
The clinical success of bonded restorations is immensely reliant on the role played by dentin adhesives [1]. Researchers have demonstrated encouraging results after the incorporation of various fillers in the adhesives that included filler particles based on bioactive glass (BG), hydroxyapatite (HA), graphene oxide (GO), silica (SiO2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) [6]. The inclusion of these filler nanoparticles improves various properties of the adhesives, improving longevity of the dental resin restorations [8]. One such category of fillers is based on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) nanoparticles
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